What are the structural characteristics of alkenes and what are the structural characteristics of al

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The chemical structure of olefins is characterized by C=C, that is, carbon-carbon double bonds, which can be oxidized, and addition reactions can occur.

As for the physical properties, it is very different, small molecule aliphatic olefins, the boiling point is relatively low, if it is a large molecule aliphatic olefin or aromatic olefin, then it is often solid, in general, with the increase of molecular weight, the melting point and boiling point increase accordingly.

The characteristic reaction is the oxidation (discoloration due to oxidation reaction with potassium permanganate solution) and addition (discoloration due to addition reaction with bromine br2).

1. Structural characteristics of olefin From the structure of ethylene, the two c atoms and four hydrogen atoms of ethylene are in the same plane.

hydrogen atoms are replaced with methyl groups, and since ch2 = ch2 is sp2

Hybridization, where all atoms are in the same plane, while CH3 is sp3 hybridization, where each C atom is in the center of a small tetrahedron and the C atoms are not in the same plane. There must be three c atoms in the same plane in this substance. Therefore, in alkenes, only c=c is around the position of the original six atoms of ethylene must be in the same plane.

Our chemistry teacher just talked about it:

1) Sp2 hybridization of double bond C in alkenes, where all carbon and hydrogen atoms of the ethylene molecule are distributed in the same plane;

2) C C double bond, the bond overlap is small, not as stable as the bond;

3) The bond electron cloud is scattered above and below the nucleus connection, and the electron cloud is easily deformed and has strong negative charge.

4) The bonds cannot rotate freely, so that the olefins have cis-trans isomers.

AlkanesJourneys between carbon atoms in moleculesCovalent bondsAll of them are carbon-carbon single spike bonds, and combine into a chain-like shape, and the remaining valence bonds of the carbon atoms are all followedHydrogen atomsSaturation is achieved by combination, that is, alkanes have the structural characteristics of "single", "chain" and "saturated". The details are as follows:

1. Saturation; In the alkane structure, all four bonds of carbon are attached to atoms or hydrocarbon groups.

2. Structural general formula CNH2N+2;Only polar C-H bonds are separated and non-polar C-C bonds 3 and C atoms are sp3 hybridized.

Chemical formula

from methane. At the beginning, each additional carbon atom correspondingly increases two hydrogen atoms, so the general formula for alkanes is cnh2n+2, n represents the number of carbon atoms (n=1,2,3,·· Theoretically, n can be large, but the known alkane n is about 100. A series of compounds with the same molecular formula and structural characteristics are of the same series, the alkane homologation difference is CH2, and the alkanes with different number of C atoms are homologues.

The congeners in the same series are similar in structure and chemical properties.

similarity, physical properties.

It changes regularly with the increase of carbon atoms.

Olefins are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, because the carbon-carbon double bond of olefin can be opened to form polymer compounds, so the main use of olefins is as a raw material for the synthesis of polymer compounds such as resins.

Olefins are hydrocarbons that contain C=C bonds (carbon-carbon double bonds). It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, which is divided into chain olefins and cyclic olefins. According to the number of double bonds, they are called monoolefins, diolefins, etc.

One of the double bonds is a high-energy bond, which is unstable and easy to break, so an addition reaction occurs.

The physical properties of olefins can be compared with alkanes. The physical state is determined by the mass of the molecule. In standard or room temperature, ethylene, propylene, and butene are gases in simple olefins, linear olefins containing 5 to 18 carbon atoms are liquids, and higher olefins are waxy solids.

Under standard conditions or at room temperature, C2 and C4 olefins are gases; C5 and C18 are volatile liquids; C19 or above solids. In n-olefins, the boiling point increases as the relative molecular weight increases. The boiling point of n-olefins with the same carbon number is higher than that of alkenes with branched chains.

For the alkenes of the same carbon frame, the double bond moves from the end of the chain to the middle of the chain, and the boiling point and melting point are increased.

The boiling point of trans olefins is lower than that of cis olefins, while the melting point is high, which is due to the low polarity and good symmetry of trans isomers. Compared with the corresponding alkanes, the boiling point, refractive index, solubility in water, and relative density of alkenes are slightly smaller than those of alkanes. Its density is less than that of water.

Olefins are chemically stable but more reactive than alkanes. Considering that the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond in alkanes, most of the reactions in olefins have the double bond broken and two new single bonds formed.

It is used to synthesize some polymer materials with special needs, and is an important basic raw material in organic synthesis for the production of polyolefins.

and synthetic rubber, cyclic olefins are more present in plant essential oils, and many can be used as fragrances.

The chemical structure of olefins is characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds.

It can be oxidized, and an addition reaction occurs.

If it is a large molecule aliphatic olefin or aromatic olefin, most of them are solid, and under normal circumstances, with the increase of molecular weight, the melting point and boiling point increase accordingly.

Functional groups of olefins.

It must be a carbon-carbon double bond, a hydrocarbon.

They are all hydrocarbon compounds, and those with heteroatoms are not hydrocarbons, but derivatives.

In organic chemistry, carbon atoms are often linked to functional groups.

It's called a carbon atom, and it's used in some derivatives, such as alcohols, and the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is carbon.

For propylene, it belongs to -olefin, which is a type of monoolefin with a double bond of carbon at the end of the chain, and the carbon at the end is usually called carbon.

The above content refers to Baili Yanke-olefin.

1. Saturation; In the alkane structure, all four bonds of carbon are attached to atoms or hydrocarbon groups.

2. Structural general formula CNH2N+2;There are only polar c-h bonds and non-polar c-c bonds;

3. The c atom is sp3 hybridized;

Alkanes are open-chain saturated chain hydrocarbons, and the carbon atoms in the molecule are all connected by single bonds, and the rest of the valence bonds are combined with hydrogen to form compounds. The general formula is CNH2N+2, which is the simplest organic compound. The main ** of alkanes is oil and natural gas, which are important chemical raw materials and energy materials.

Definition: A compound that consists of only two elements, hydrocarbon, is called a hydrocarbon, or simply a hydrocarbon. According to the different molecular frameworks of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons can be divided into two categories: chain hydrocarbons (aliphatic hydrocarbons) and cyclic hydrocarbons (aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons).

Chain hydrocarbons can be further divided into saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The overall structure is mostly composed of only hydrocarbon atoms and carbon-carbon single bonds, and saturation means that the combination of carbon atoms and other atoms in the molecule has reached the maximum limit of conjure.

In the 2019 newcomer's education edition, alkanes are included in cycloalkanes.

In addition, alkanes are a type of saturated hydrocarbons, including naphthenes and chain alkanes.

1. Olefins refer to hydrocarbons containing C bonds equal to C in sparrow dust, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons and are divided into chain olefins and cyclic olefins. According to the number of double bonds, they are called monoolefins, diolefins, etc., and one of the double bonds belongs to the bonds with higher energy, which is unstable and easy to break, so the addition reaction will occur;

2. Uses: Brother Zhi 1. For the synthesis of some polymer materials with special needs;

2. It is an important basic raw material in organic synthesis, which is used to make polyolefin and synthetic rubber;

3. Cyclic olefins are abundant in plant essential oils, and many can be used as spices.

1. Olefins refer to hydrocarbons containing C equal to C bonds, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons and are divided into chain olefins and cyclic olefins. According to the number of double bonds, they are called monoolefins, diolefins, etc., and one of the double bonds belongs to the higher energy bond, which is unstable and easy to break, so an addition reaction will occur;

2. Uses: 1. It is used to synthesize some polymer materials with special stool needs;

2. It is an important basic raw material in organic synthesis, which is used to make polyolefin and synthetic rubber;

3. Cyclic olefins are abundant in plant essential oils, and many can be used as spices. Divination.