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Paradox and solution Paradox is the ostensible implicit existence of two opposing conclusions in the same proposition or reasoning, both of which can be justified. The abstract formula for the paradox is that if event A occurs, then it is deduced that it is not A, and if it does not occur in A, it is deduced that A.
Paradox is the confusion of different levels of thinking, meaning (content) and expression (form), subjective and objective, subject and object, fact and value implied in propositions or reasoning, the asymmetry between thinking content and thinking form, thinking subject and thinking object, thinking level and thinking object, and asymmetry of thinking structure and logical structure. Paradoxes are rooted in the limitations of intellectual cognition, intellectual logic (traditional logic), and contradictory logic. The fundamental reason for the paradox is to formalize traditional logic and absolutize the universality of traditional logic.
All paradoxes arise from the formal logic way of thinking, and the formal logic way of thinking cannot discover, explain, or solve logical errors. The so-called paradox solution is to use the symmetrical logical thinking mode to discover and correct the logical errors in the paradox. <>
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In the 6th century B.C., the Cretan philosopher Epimenides famously said, "All Cretans lie." This phrase is famous because it is a classic paradox, the "liar's paradox."
For if what Epimenides said was true, then all the Cretans were liars, and Epiminides, one of the Cretans, was no exception, so what he said should be a lie, but this contradicts the previous assumption that this statement is true; And if this statement is false, then it means that all the Cretans do not lie, and Epiminides, who is also a Cretan, is not lying, that is, that the statement is true, but if it is true, there will be a contradiction. Therefore, this sentence is often regarded as an insoluble paradox. It is an infinite logical cycle of superficial paradoxes that have plagued humanity for thousands of years, and thus challenged human intelligence for millennia.
The famous British philosopher Russell once tried to solve this paradox by using the method of propositional stratification. "The first level of propositions, we may say, are those propositions that do not involve the proposition as a whole; The second-order propositions are those that deal with the totality of the first-order propositions; The rest is like this, and so on to infinity. But this approach has not worked.
For the whole period of 1903 and 1904, I devoted myself almost entirely to this one, but without success. Russell was unsuccessful because he confused the level of thinking with the level of proposition. <>
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The difference between a fallacy and a paradox is that a fallacy is a statement that does not conform to logical thinking, and it is an assertion that needs to be debunked by logic. Paradox, on the other hand, is a paradox that refers to a conclusion that is impossible in reality in logic by using contradictory hypothetical premises as a choice of words.
In the set paradox of mathematics, it arises because a set is too broadly qualified to join contradictory children to the same set. For example: if it is believed to be true, it is false; If it's considered fake, it's true.
Types of paradoxes: There are many famous paradoxes in ancient and modern times, both in China and abroad, which have shaken the foundations of logic and mathematics, stimulated people's curiosity and precise thinking, and attracted the attention of many thinkers and enthusiasts throughout the ages. Solving paradoxical puzzles requires creative thinking, and the solution of paradoxes can often lead to completely new ideas.
According to the reasons for the formation of paradoxes, they are grouped into six types, and they are all common paradoxes that have been widely circulated. With the rapid development of modern mathematics, logic, physics and astronomy, many new paradoxes have emerged. [ooor
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The essence of the paradox is ().
a.Unlimited sets.
b.The hierarchy of language is unclear.
c.The arbitrariness of language.
d.Continuous negation.
Correct Answer: a
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This "concrete" is not true.
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