The Tang Dynasty was famous for producing white porcelain

The white porcelain kilns of the Tang Dynasty were mostly concentrated in the north, mainly including Xing kiln and Ding kiln in Hebei, Gongxian kiln and Mixian kiln in Henan, Hunyuan kiln and Pingding kiln in Shanxi, and Huangbao Town kiln in Shaanxi. During the Five Dynasties, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province also began to burn white porcelain.

Xingyao white porcelain can be divided into two categories: coarse and fine according to the texture of its tire and glaze. The fetal quality of coarse white porcelain is divided into coarse and fine, and the color of the coarse tire is gray and white, and the fetal quality is rough; The carcass of a thin tire is dense, and the tire color is lighter, but it is still not white enough, and a layer of white makeup soil is often applied. The enamel of coarse white porcelain is fine, and some have fine fragments, and the glaze color is gray-white or milky-white, and yellowish-white.

The fetal color of fine white porcelain is pure white, the individual white flashes yellow enamel is very fine, there are tiny small brown eyes in the glaze layer, the utensils are full of glaze, and the glaze is pure white or slightly blue in white. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, especially in the late Tang Dynasty, Xingyao often used sculpture, stacking, printing, carving, edging, ribbing, flower mouth and other decorative methods.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the porcelain fetus was coarse, the tire color was blue-gray, the washed and unrefined ones were brown, and the porcelain fetus had been sintered; The white glaze ware is full of glaze inside and half glaze outside, the glaze is smooth, and the glaze is gray. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the fetal soil was carefully washed, the fetal quality was hard, the tire color was pure white, the glaze was directly applied to the porcelain fetus, no makeup, the glaze color was milky white, and the individual glaze was gray-green or light blue-white, and the enamel was fine and clean. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the texture of the fetal soil was finer in the previous period, the fetal wall was thin and light, the enamel was fine and clean, and it was milky white.

In the late Tang Dynasty until the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there was still a kind of kiln"Officer"or"New officer"The basic characteristics of the fine white porcelain are: thin and lightweight, fine texture, pure white; The glaze is moist, the glaze is milky white or white with bluish, except for the bottom foot, all are full of glaze. Generally speaking,"Officer"、"New officer"The section is engraved on the thin and delicate tire, the production is exquisite, and the glaze is pure white or white in the flash blue utensils, which belongs to the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period; Engraved on glaze white or white yellowish or partially slightly shiny blue, sometimes with carved flower decoration utensils, belong to the early Northern Song Dynasty; Engraved on the utensils that are fired by the overfiring method, with no glaze on the edge of the mouth and with carved flower decoration, belong to the late Northern Song Dynasty.

Xingyao: The most famous white porcelain kiln in the Tang Dynasty. It was still burned during the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD). The kiln site is located in the area of Neiqiu County and Qicun in Lincheng County, which is under the jurisdiction of Xingtai City, and is the birthplace of white porcelain production in China and occupies an important position in the history of ceramics in China.

The white porcelain burned by Xingyao is fine and clean, and the color is pure white and extremely hard. The glaze is white, some are slightly yellowish, with some milky white. Between the tire and the glaze, there is a layer of tire glaze (makeup soil).

The glaze is applied to the inside of the vessel, and the glaze outside the vessel is not enough. The bowl is folded with many edges, and the ring foot is thick and the bottom is flat. The style is simple and unadorned.

The predecessors used "bright and clean as jade" to be whiter than Xingyao.

The Tang Dynasty reached its peak period, and it was verified that the kiln sites for the production of white porcelain in the northern region included Qiu Xing kiln and Quyang kiln in Hebei, Gongxian kiln and Hebi kiln in Henan, Mixian kiln, Dengfeng kiln, Jiaxian kiln, Xingyang kiln and Anyang kiln; Shanxi Hunyuan kiln, Pingding kiln, Shaanxi Yaozhou kiln, Anhui Xiao kiln, etc.

With Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province and Guangdong Prefecture, it is known as "China's three ancient porcelain capitals", Fujian Dehua!

The white porcelain of the Tang Dynasty is represented by the Xing kiln, which is in Neiqiu County, Hebei Province. The white porcelain of Xing kiln is fine, the color is pure white and hard, the glaze is white, and some are slightly yellow. There is a layer of tire protection glaze (makeup man) between the tire and the glaze, the glaze is applied in the vessel, and the glaze outside the vessel is not enough, and the predecessors use "bright and clean as jade" to compare the white of Xingyao.

Xingyao white porcelain has fine and coarse points, coarse white porcelain has bowls, cups, pots, pots, bowls, etc., some apply makeup soil, glaze silver gray, glaze blue or yellow; Fine white porcelain has bowls, plates, pots, cups, boxes, cups, crested pots, leather pots, etc., the fetal quality is white and delicate, the carcass is solid, and the glaze is extremely white.

The white porcelain of the Tang Dynasty is most famous for Xingyao, Lu Yu described it as "silver-like" and "snow-like" in the "Book of Tea", and Tang Li Zhao's "National History Supplement" also recorded: "Neiqiu white porcelain ou, Duanxi purple stone inkstone, there is no noble and lowly universal in the world." It can be seen that its quality is high, the quantity is large, and the influence is wide.

Xingyao white porcelain has fine and coarse points, coarse white porcelain has bowls, cups, pots, pots, bowls, etc., some apply makeup soil, glaze silver gray, glaze blue or yellow; The carcass is rough and thick, and the raw material processing is rough. Fine white porcelain has bowls, plates, pots, cups, boxes, covers, crested pots, skin pots, etc., the fetal quality is white and delicate, the carcass is solid, the glaze is white, and the level of craftsmanship is quite mature.

For example, the famous Tang Xing kiln white glaze "Ying" word box, the whole body is white glaze, the bottom is engraved with the word "Ying", the production is regular and exquisite, it is the fine work of the Tang Dynasty Xing kiln, and it is the porcelain used for the court. Due to the beauty of the fine glaze of the white porcelain of the Xing kiln, it was as famous as the Yue kiln celadon in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty poet Pi Rixiu wrote a poem to praise:

Xingke and Yue people can both make porcelain, round like the moon soul falling; Light as a cloud, jujube flowers like a whirling eye, Pingmo fragrant teeth, Panasonic when a look, the same is true of the branch. ”

Seven famous kilns of the Tang Dynasty: Yuezhou kiln, Dingzhou kiln, Wuzhou kiln, Xingzhou kiln, Yuezhou kiln, Shouzhou kiln, Hongzhou kiln, Xingzhou kiln.

1. Yuezhou kiln: also known as "Yue kiln". The kiln site of Yuezhou kiln (Yue kiln) is in the area of Shaoxing, Shangyu, Cixi and Yuyao in Zhejiang Province, which was the political and economic center of Yue during the Spring and Autumn Period.

After Qin unified the world, it belonged to Huiji County, and it belonged to Yuezhou in the Tang Dynasty, so it was called Yuezhou kiln, referred to as Yueyao. Guyuedi is not only the birthplace of celadon in China, but also the birthplace of porcelain in China. Yue kiln porcelain has a long history, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the industrious and intelligent Yuezhou people fired mature porcelain, after the vigorous development of the Six Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Five Dynasties, to the Song Dynasty has never been interrupted, Yue kiln celadon occupies an important position in the history of Chinese ceramics.

Yue kiln celadon is a treasure in ancient Chinese porcelain, and has a very lofty position in the history of Chinese ceramic development.

2. Dingzhou kiln: In Dingcheng District, Changde City, Hunan Province, it mainly burns celadon and is a famous kiln in the Tang Dynasty.

3. Wuzhou kiln: The kiln site is in Jinhua, Zhejiang, which is a famous porcelain kiln outside the Yue kiln in Zhejiang. The Jinhua area of Zhejiang belonged to Wuzhou in the Tang Dynasty, so it was called Wuzhou kiln.

It is one of the six major celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty. It was first fired in the Three Kingdoms, and the kiln field was expanded during the Tang and Song dynasties, becoming a famous celadon production area.

4. Yuezhou kiln: In Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, the Tang Dynasty belonged to Yuezhou, so it was named Yuezhou kiln. It began to burn in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and declined to the fifth generation. It is mainly fired celadon and is one of the six major celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty.

5. Shouzhou kiln: the kiln site is in Huainan City, Anhui Province. Anhui Huainan belonged to Shouzhou in the Tang Dynasty, hence the name. It began to burn in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and finally ended in the late Tang Dynasty. It is one of the six major celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty.

6. Hongzhou kiln: on the west bank of the Ganjiang River in Fengcheng County, Jiangxi Province. Fengcheng, Jiangxi Province belonged to Hongzhou in the Tang Dynasty. It began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and ended in the late Tang Dynasty. It is mainly burned celadon and is one of the six major celadon producing areas in the Tang Dynasty.

7. Xingzhou kiln: Xingzhou kiln is also called "Xingzhou kiln", and the kiln site is in the area of Neiqiu County and Lincheng County, which belongs to Xingtai City, Hebei Province. In the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Xingzhou, so it was called "Xingyao".

Porcelain was fired in the Tang Dynasty, and the Xingyao kiln was rich in white porcelain, and the Xingyao white porcelain was a product of the Tang Dynasty porcelain kiln in China. It is as famous as the celadon produced by the famous Yue kiln of the same generation. In the Tang Dynasty, Chinese porcelain appeared in a situation of "green in the south and white in the north".

The production of white porcelain in Xingyao began in the Sui Dynasty and was further developed after entering the Tang Dynasty. By the middle and late Tang Dynasty, it had become a system of its own, and could be equal to the Yue kiln celadon.

Six celadon kilns in the Tang Dynasty.

Yuezhou kiln, Dingzhou kiln, Wuzhou kiln, Yuezhou kiln, Shouzhou kiln, Hongzhou kiln.

The celadon glaze produced by these six kilns has the best color, and it is called the six major celadon kilns of the Tang Dynasty by later generations.

The six kilns that produced celadon (Yuezhou kiln, Dingzhou kiln, Wuzhou kiln, Yuezhou kiln, Shouzhou kiln, Hongzhou kiln), plus Xingzhou kiln that produced white porcelain, are collectively called the seven major porcelain kilns of the Tang Dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty celadon is most famous for the Yue kiln and Changsha kiln. In the early Tang Dynasty, the carcass of Yue kiln porcelain was pale gray, tight and firm; The glaze juice is very thin, evenly dense, warm and moist like jade, blue-green, and some are slightly yellow. There is also the style of the Sui Dynasty, the vertical type is more thin and tall, the bowl is more shallow and shallow, the mouth and abdomen are vertical, the lower abdomen is obliquely folded and adducted, and the bottom is flat.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the carcass is denser than before, gray-white, the glaze is uniform and smooth, there are colors such as eel yellow, light green and blue-green, and the whole body is covered with glaze. At this time, the bowl and plate are more skimmed, the bottom foot is wide and short, like a jade, and the glaze is applied in the small circle in the middle. There is a foot in the bottom.

Three, five, seven square or strip nail marks. In the late Tang Dynasty, there were lotus leaf type or flower-mouth type plates and bowls, and the porcelain decoration was mainly based on light elements, and there were also scratches, carvings, stacking and hollowing out decorations, with more flowers, and the common decorations were flowers and birds, aquatic plants and figures.

Changsha kiln mainly produces some living and stationery supplies, in addition to toys, porcelain figurines, etc., there are many types. Changsha kiln porcelain tire is fine and firm, the degree of porcelain is high, and the tire color is gray and white, gray yellow, blue gray, gray red and flesh red; The glaze is moist, mainly cyan, but also blue, green, sauce, brown, yellow and other colors. The decorative varieties are extremely rich, including underglaze spots, underglaze paintings, prints, decals, appliqués, carvings, carvings, hollowing, etc.

The Yue kiln of the Tang Dynasty, the Longquan kiln of the Song Dynasty, the official kiln, the Ru kiln, and the Yaozhou kiln all belong to the celadon kiln system. As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, primitive celadon appeared.

Early white porcelain has appeared in Eastern Han tombs, but mature white porcelain did not appear until the Sui Dynasty. The Jingdezhen Five Dynasties kiln site is the earliest white porcelain production area that has been discovered in the southern region

In fact, most of the white porcelain kilns in the Tang Dynasty were concentrated in the north, such as Xing kiln and Ding kiln in Hebei, Gongxian kiln and Mixian kiln in Henan, or Hunyuan kiln and Pingding kiln in Shanxi and Huangbao Town kiln in Shaanxi. Generally speaking, the white porcelain of the criminal kiln in the early Tang Dynasty was more plain, that is to say, there was no decoration, but in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and after the late Tang Dynasty, the white porcelain of the criminal kiln could gradually be decorated, and the way of decoration was sculpture, stacking, printing, carving, edging, ribbing, flower mouth and so on.

The first is the Tang Dynasty kiln white porcelain, white porcelain can also be divided into two categories, coarse white porcelain enamel is relatively fine, the glaze is usually gray-white or milky white, there are also yellowish-white, sometimes there will be fine fragments, and the fetal color of fine white porcelain is pure white, a very small number of glaze is white with yellow, the enamel is very fine in the glaze layer, if you look closely, you can find extremely tiny brown eyes. Most of the fine white porcelain objects are glazed, and the glaze is pure white or white with a slight hint of cyan.

The second kind or manuscript is the Tang Dynasty Ding kiln white porcelain, the Tang Dynasty Ding kiln white porcelain and the shirt Liang kiln white porcelain in comparison, the fetal quality will appear thicker, the tire color is mainly blue-gray, in the white glaze of the ware will be full of glaze, but on the outside of the utensils on the application of half glaze kiln white porcelain, and the glaze of the kiln white porcelain is very smooth and round, can appear gray in the place where the glaze is accumulated. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the clay was carefully washed and because the tire was hard, the tire color was relatively pure and white, and the glaze was applied to the porcelain tire without respecting the makeup soil. Later, in the late Tang Dynasty, the fetal soil became more detailed, and the tire wall began to become thinner.

At the same time, it reminds that from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, there was a kind of belt in the Ding kiln"Officer"Or yes"New officer"The fine white porcelain of the word, this white porcelain is light and thin, the glaze is very moist, and the oil color is milky white or white with cyan, which is deeply loved and sought after by people.

Tang Dynasty Xing kiln white porcelain. In the Tang Dynasty, there were two classifications of white porcelain, which can be divided into coarse and fine. Coarse white porcelain enamel is relatively fine, the glaze color is usually gray-white or milky white, but also shoot the mountain to have yellow-white, sometimes there will be fine fragments and fine white porcelain fetal color is pure white, a very small number of glaze color is white with yellow, the enamel is very fine, in the glaze layer, careful observation can find extremely small brown eyes.

Most of the fine white porcelain objects are glazed, and the glaze is pure white or white with a slight hint of cyan.

Generally speaking, the early Tang Dynasty kiln white porcelain was mostly plain, that is, there was no decoration, but in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and after the late Tang Dynasty, the white porcelain of the criminal kiln gradually began to have decoration only slippery, and the decoration methods include sculpture, stacking, printing, carving, edging, ribbing, flower mouth and so on.

2. White porcelain from the Tang Dynasty. Compared with the white porcelain of the Ding kiln in the Tang Dynasty and the white porcelain of the criminal kiln, the fetal quality is relatively coarse, and the tire color is mainly blue-gray. The inside of the white-glazed object is glazed, and the outer part of the object is half-glazed.

The glaze of Dingyao white porcelain is very smooth and smooth, and it appears gray where the glaze is accumulated. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the fetal soil was carefully washed, because the fetus was hard, the tire color was pure white and flawless, and the glaze was applied to the porcelain fetus, and there was no makeup soil. By the time of the late Tang Dynasty.

The soil has become more detailed, the walls have become thinner, and the objects have begun to be glazed except for some touches of the hand.

In addition, from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, there was a kind of fine white porcelain with the word "official" or "new official" in the Ding kiln, this kind of white porcelain is light and thin, the glaze is very moist, and the oil color is milky white or white with cyan.