Traditional Cars, Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles, Energy Consumption, Cost Issues

The allocation of graduate enrollment indicators in colleges and universities has a direct impact on the quality of graduate training, discipline construction and scientific research achievements. In particular, in the 2011 graduate enrollment reform plan, the enrollment index of master's students was divided into two categories: academic and professional. The implementation of this reform plan not only brings development opportunities to the development of graduate education, but also puts forward new thinking on the optimal allocation of graduate enrollment index allocation.

The attached data is the actual enrollment of master's students in a university from 2007 to 2011. The allocation of graduate enrollment indicators is mainly based on the number of supervisors and the positions of teachers. Among them, the teaching position is divided into seven job levels (the first level is the highest level of teachers, and the seventh level is the lowest level with master's enrollment qualifications).

In addition, the data table also lists the subject direction of each teacher, the number of students enrolled from 2007 to 2011, scientific research funds, the number of published Chinese and English, the number of patents, the number of awards, and the number of school and provincial excellent awards.

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There are three main reasons:

1. Hybrid electric vehicles by reducing the idle speed of the engine.

to reduce the exhaust gas emitted by the engine and achieve energy saving and emission reduction.

role. 2. Hybrid vehicles.

By retrofitting a battery electric vehicle.

The motor can be started or driven to reduce emissions.

3. Hybrid vehicles are driven by oil and electricity to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.

Extended information: The vehicle drive system is composed of two or more single drive systems that can operate at the same time, and the driving power of the vehicle is provided by a single drive system alone or jointly according to the actual vehicle driving state. Due to the different components, layout methods and control strategies, a variety of classification forms have been formed.

The energy-saving and low-emission characteristics of hybrid vehicles have attracted great attention from the automotive industry and have become a focus of automotive research and development.

The hybrid power plant not only gives full play to the advantages of long continuous working time of the engine and good power, but also can play the advantages of no pollution and low noise of the motor, and the two "fight side by side", learn from each other's strengths, the thermal efficiency of the car can be increased by more than 10%, and the exhaust emission can be improved by more than 30%. In 2010, the world entered the era of automotive hybridization.

Hybrid, the maintenance cost of the car is compared with ordinary fuel vehicles, there is an engine between the two, but the biggest advantage of hybrid power is that it can be driven by electricity, the cost of specific fuel consumption is relatively low, but the maintenance cost is lower than that of ordinary fuel vehicles, therefore, analyze it, hybrid vehicles and maintenance are basically not much different from ordinary fuel vehicles.

For vehicle maintenance and oil change, the interval between hybrid and automobile oil change is usually longer than that of fuel vehicles. Let's take the same car as an example, the maintenance cycle between the fuel plate and the hybrid plate is 10,000 kilometers, and the cost of oil change is about 350 won, which is pure electric propulsion for a hybrid model. On the brakes with higher maintenance costs, the hybrid can use the brakes with regenerative braking function for a longer time, but the brakes of general fuel vehicles are easy to wear, and the hybrid models do not have belts, steering, booster pumps and other parts, so they can save a lot of money in the process of use, and the money saved by the hybrid can basically be supplemented.

However, diesel-electric hybrid vehicles also have their own drawbacks, namely, the hedging ratio is relatively low, and if you start to replace or higher level models, diesel-electric hybrid models are usually difficult to sell**, and the battery pack loss of diesel-electric hybrid models, if replaced, is much lower than that of the same type of fuel vehicles. In general, the ** of hybrid cars is a bit expensive, but if you want to hold it for a long time, the actual cost of use will not be too high, and over time, it will be cheaper than fuel vehicles. So to sum up, fuel vehicles look simple in structure, but they don't need to spend too much money on maintenance, but with the money of plugging in electric hybrids, the maintenance costs of fuel vehicles are very high, but in general, they are far lower than fuel vehicles in the maintenance vehicle budget.

I hope mine can help you, and I also hope you can help me**, like, support me more, and follow me more. If you have any questions and requests, you can leave a message in the comment area, and I will reply one by one.

Yes. Because hybrid vehicles are more fuel-efficient than traditional fuel vehicles, the cost of use is lower than that of traditional fuel vehicles.

Yes. These hybrid vehicles have a relatively good fuel performance and lower fuel consumption.

Yes, relatively speaking, the cost of using hybrid vehicles is much lower than that of traditional fuel vehicles. Because in terms of fuel, fuel consumption is not particularly much.

Yes, the cost of hybrid vehicles is really very low, and the fuel is also very small, much lower than the cost of traditional fuel vehicles.

1. Equipped with an internal combustion engine, and equipped with a high-performance and reasonable battery, it is driven in series or parallel and other ways, which has the advantage of reducing the displacement of the engine to a greater extent, such as using 3 liters in the past, and now using liters;

2. Due to the auxiliary drive of the motor, the energy can be realized and the fuel economy can be improved; The engine speed can be smoothly adjusted to the optimal speed state, and the emission pollution is greatly reduced.

There are three main reasons:

1. Hybrid electric vehicles reduce engine emissions by reducing the idle speed of the engine, so as to achieve the effect of energy saving and emission reduction.

2. Hybrid vehicles can be started or driven by installing the motor of a pure electric vehicle to reduce emissions.

3. Hybrid vehicles are driven by oil and electricity to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.

Generally speaking, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that is driven by an electric motor as an auxiliary power of the engine.

The fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is high, and the driving performance is superior, the engine of hybrid vehicles uses fuel, and when starting and accelerating, due to the assistance of electric motors, fuel consumption can be reduced, so exhaust emissions are reduced.

With the development of science and technology, in addition to the traditional fuel vehicles, there are new energy vehicles, which are not much different from traditional fuel vehicles, fuel vehicles are powered by burning gasoline, and new energy vehicles are powered by electric drive motors.

These two types of cars have their own advantages, but some "prospective owners" who plan to buy a car have asked, which is more economical, new energy vehicles or fuel vehicles? Don't know which one to choose? After the comparison, there is finally an answer.

First of all, whether to save money can be analyzed from two aspects, one is the cost of buying a car, and the other is the cost of using a car.

First, the cost of buying a car.

New energy vehicles are emerging products, the current cost of building is higher than the traditional fuel vehicle, new energy vehicles generally have to start more than 300,000, for many people who plan to buy a car, the cost of buying a car is high, but because new energy vehicles use electricity, 0 emissions, will not pollute the environment, so the state supports the vigorous development of the new energy vehicle industry, buy new energy vehicles can get state subsidies, after the subsidy, the actual cost of buying a car is about the same as fuel vehicles, so in the cost of building a car, Whether it is a new energy vehicle or a fuel vehicle, the difference is not very large.

Second, the cost of car maintenance.

The cost of car maintenance is generally mainly composed of fuel money, car insurance, maintenance and maintenance, whether it is a new energy vehicle or a fuel vehicle, the cost of insurance is the same, maintenance, fuel vehicles need to maintain the engine and gearbox of the car, and new energy vehicles are much simpler, only need to maintain the motor, so in terms of maintenance, new energy vehicles are more economical.

The rest is the comparison between oil expenditure and electricity expenditure, oil money is calculated in 100 kilometers of liters, assuming that the oil price is 7 yuan a liter, and 100 kilometers cost oil dollars; The power consumption of new energy vehicles per 100 kilometers is 15kwh, calculated at 1 kilowatt-hour, and the electricity cost of driving 100 kilometers is only about 15 yuan, which is equivalent to less than one-third of the fuel vehicle, and the money saved is more in a year.

If you don't consider the cost of replacing the battery in the later stage of new energy vehicles, new energy vehicles are indeed more cost-effective than traditional fuel vehicles, which is why more and more people are buying new energy vehicles.

Under the conditions of basically the same configuration, if the new energy vehicle is more than 50,000 more than the fuel vehicle, it is better to buy a fuel vehicle!

For the average family car, it only runs 1 to 20,000 metric dust in a year! With a 6-year cycle, the fuel cost is 5,000 to 10,000 yuan more. The insurance of new energy vehicles is more expensive, the maintenance or replacement cost of batteries is higher, and the value retention rate is lower than that of fuel vehicles.

In the past six years, new energy vehicles have saved less than 50,000 yuan.

New energy has the anxiety of endurance imitation calm, and the inconvenience of limited fuel vehicles.

Therefore, those who pursue environmental protection can buy new energy vehicles, or hybrid vehicles.

I don't run much in a year, but I commute to and from work, and fuel vehicles are more affordable.

The cost of using new energy vehicles is much lower than that of traditional vehicles, and it is also environmentally friendly.

<><1. The low energy consumption of new energy vehicles does not mean that the cost of using the car is low, after all, in addition to considering fuel consumption and oil prices, new energy vehicle purchases, charging piles, insurance costs, and the cost of replacing batteries are generally higher than those of fuel vehicles at the same price. And the value retention rate is low; At present, the cost of using new energy vehicles should be higher than that of fuel vehicles at the same price.

2. Driving experience, comprehensive comparison, new energy vehicles are undoubtedly better than fuel vehicles at the same price. I am a fuel car owner, but if it is not in the north, the next car will definitely consider new energy;

3. The landlord is mainly more economical, and it is best to consider comparing the car at the same price, otherwise you can ride this fuel car for a lifetime by replacing it with a bicycle, wouldn't it be more cost-effective.

<> Cost Structure of New Energy Vehicles.

New energy vehicles include pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel-electric slide electric vehicles, hydrogen engine vehicles, etc. The cost structure of pure electric vehicles is electronic control, motor, battery, body, chassis, interior, automotive electronics and others.

The cost structure of fuel cell vehicles is fuel cell stack, battery system, electric drive system, body, and others.

The three most important parts of the cost structure of new energy vehicles are batteries, motors and electronic controls.

1. Cavity rental power battery.

At present, common cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, ternary materials (nickel-cobalt-manganese and nickel-cobalt-aluminum), etc. Among them, ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries are the most common power batteries. The cathode material, anode material, separator, and electrolyte account for % and 10% of the battery cost, respectively.

The cost of cathode materials accounts for nearly 20% of the cost of the whole vehicle.

2. Motor. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are the mainstream of the market, the industry concentration has increased, and the supporting volume of motors is also highly dependent on the sales of new energy vehicles. From the perspective of motor assembly type, permanent magnet synchronous motor has become the mainstream of domestic supporting due to its advantages of high efficiency, high power density and small size.

In the cost structure of permanent magnet synchronous motors, permanent magnets, stator cores, and shells account for the top three, accounting for % and 13% of the cost respectively.

3. Electronic control. Motor controller mainly includes electronic control module (hardware circuit and corresponding control software), driver, power converter and other modules, the current development trend is mainly high security, high power density, small size, high voltage, EMC high grade, etc., the power module is the main problem restricting domestic development, the situation in the province, the relevant layout is relatively weak, in the first purchase of new energy vehicles, you can consider cooperating with enterprises at the same time, the introduction of related companies electronic control production plants.