What are the types of interactions between species in a plant community, and what are the examples o

There are several main types of interactions between species in a plant community:

1.Competition: Competition refers to the interaction between two or more species competing for the same resource (e.g., water, nutrients, sunlight, etc.). For example, there is competition between sorghum and corn, which compete for nutrients in the soil.

2.Mutualistic symbiosis: Mutualistic symbiosis refers to the interaction between two or more species that are interdependent and mutually beneficial. For example, there is a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and rhizobia, with legumes providing nutrients to rhizobia and rhizobia providing nitrogen to legumes.

3.Predation: Predation refers to the interaction between one organism (predator) preying on another (** predator). For example, rabbits are predators of grass, and they eat grass for energy and nutrients.

4.Parasitism: Parasitism refers to the interaction in which one organism (parasite) obtains nutrients from another organism (host). For example, parasitic pathogens live on plants and obtain nutrients from plant cells.

5.Synergy: Synergy refers to the interaction between two or more species, each affected by the other, but they are not directly dependent on each other.

For example, plants and insects have a synergistic relationship, with plants secreting nectar to attract insects to spread pollen, and insects deriving energy from the nectar.

These interactions play an important role in plant communities, affecting the distribution, abundance, and growth of plants.

Normally, there is competition between species and between species, such as grass and some trees competing for sunlight and water, and predation of xenogeneous organisms and another organism is a predatory relationship.

1. Parasitic relationship:

Most higher plants are self-reliant, absorbing water and inorganic salts directly from the soil or water through their roots, and at the same time, photosynthesizing through their own green tissues, producing the organic nutrients necessary for their growth and development. However, there are some higher plants that live a parasitic life without work, and the nutrients they need for growth and development must be obtained from the plants.

In this parasitic relationship, the injured party is called the host plant, and the beneficiary is called the parasitic plant.

2. Epiphytic relationship:

A plant can absorb water and produce nutrients on its own by living organisms of other plant species. Except for plants with epiphytic leaves, which will have a certain effect on the light conditions of the host, epiphytes generally do not cause damage to the host. The epiphytic phenomenon of plants is one of the main hallmark features of tropical rainforests.

3. Symbiotic relationship:

Typical symbiotic phenomena in the plant kingdom include lichens (symbiosis of algae and fungi), nodules (e.g., symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes), and mycorrhizae (symbiosis of fungi and other plant roots).

4. Mechanical relationship:

There are many plant species in the natural plant community, and some plant species with the same requirements for environmental factors show fierce competition with each other. Some plant species with different requirements for environmental factors not only have little competition, but sometimes show reciprocity. The mechanical relationship is mainly the relationship between plants that compete fiercely with each other, especially the relationship between vines and trees in the tropical rainforest.

5. Physiological and chemical relationship:

The exudates of some plants are beneficial for the growth and development of others, for example, the black elderberry is beneficial for the distribution of spruce roots; When honey locust, ash and seven-mile grow together, they have a significant promoting effect on each other. Some plants secrete a certain gas or sap from the body, which affects or inhibits the growth of other plants.

A, in the process of community succession, the dominant species will "dominate" the community for a period of time when the succession reaches the stage of herbaceous and shrubs, so the curve i will appear in the stage of less change such as ab, cd, and ef, and a is correct;

In the process of community succession, the dominant species will "dominate" the community for a period of time from succession to herbaceous and shrub stages, so curve i will appear in the stages with less change such as AB, CD, EF, etc., and in these newly formed stages, there will be animal migration, and the number of species will continue to increase, b is correct;

c, after the fire there are still some of the nails alive, and shrubs, trees.

The population density of the taller plants decreased sharply after the emergence of the species, and it was likely that they were perennial herbaceous plants, which was correct.

D, the irrigation of the clumps keeps the soil moist for a long time, which is conducive to the germination of seeds of various trees.

To sum up, ABC is selected for this question.

Whoever receives more sunlight has the advantage. This is the ideal stage after the forest fire, that is, from moss to grass to shrubs to big trees, the reason is that moss grows the fastest, moss dominates for a period of time, grass slowly grows up when it exceeds moss after covering moss sunlight, grass dominates, after touching the shrub grows up, covering grass, shrubs occupy the smile, trees grow tall for the longest time, until the trees grow up to cover the shrub sunlight, trees dominate. High slippery.

The plant kingdom consists of the following six major groups.

1. Algae plants: Algae are divided into 9 phyla: cyanobacteria, euglena, dinoflagellates, golden algae, yellow algae, diatoms, green algae, red algae, and brown algae.

2. Fungi: including myxomycetes and fungi, which are divided into five subphyla: flagellomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and semi-mycobacteria. Edible fungi belong to the subphylum Basidiomycetes, which is a general term for large fungi that people can eat, and there are many types, such as fungus, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, shiitake mushroom, bamboo sun, etc.

3. Lichen plants: It is a special plant of fungi and algae, which can be divided into three types: shell lichens (tea stained coats and text coats, etc.).

Leafy lichens (e.g., ground rolls) and dendritic lichens (e.g., pineapple, litmus, etc.).

4. Bryophytes: divided into mosses (sphagnum moss, black moss), liverworts (such as liverwort) and horned liverworts.

5. Ferns: It is divided into five classes: leeks, pine ferns, stone pines, horsetails and true ferns, and there are many species, such as alder.

6. Seed plants (gymnosperms.

Angiosperms): are the highest group of the plant kingdom, with two basic characteristics, one is the presence of vascular tissues - phloem and xylem; The second is to be able to produce seeds and reproduce them with seeds. There are too many species, such as ginkgo biloba and cycads of gymnosperms, camphor trees of angiosperms, etc.

1) It has a certain kind of composition;

2) Different species influence and restrict each other, not a simple collection of species;

3) the formation of a certain community environment;

4) It has a certain structure;

5) It has a certain range of distribution;

6) It has certain dynamic characteristics;

7) It has a boundary characteristic.

The common community members of Zaochang in the plant community are classified as follows: there are ().

a.Subdominant species.

b.Dominant species and colony species.

c.Companion Shake Species.

d.Occasional or rare species.

Correct answer: Subdominant species; Dominant species and colony species. companion species; Occasional or rare species.

The basic characteristics of plant communities mainly refer to their species composition, species quantitative characteristics, appearance and structure. Description method: 1. Species composition of the community:

It should refer to all the plants contained in the community, but it is often emphasized due to the different research objects and purposes 2. Quantitative characteristics of species: the following parameters are generally used to demonstrate: species abundance, density, coverage, and frequency.

3. Comprehensive characteristics of the community: When classifying the plant community, it is necessary to quantify a comprehensive feature. 4. The appearance of the community:

The appearance of a plant community refers to the appearance or physiognomy of the community. 5. Community structure: Community structure refers to all types of community and the configuration state of its individuals in space.