How does avian influenza spread? How does avian influenza spread?

Immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are used to detect all antibodies against epidemic virus in poultry type A, but this diagnostic method cannot distinguish between subtypes, and haemagglutination inhibition reaction (HI) must be used to determine haemagglutination antigen (HA), neuranomidase antigen (NA) by neuraminidase inhibition reaction (NI) to determine the prevalent ** virus subtype.

If the diagnosis is confirmed, it depends on the isolation of the virus, which mostly multiplies in the respiratory tract and digestive tract, so it is possible.

Avian influenza vs. human influenza.

Avian influenza is an epidemic of birds, is it the same as an epidemic of humans? According to scholars and experts, influenza virus is an RNA virus, which is divided into types A, B, and C according to internal nuclear protein antigens, of which only type A epidemic virus will infect birds.

The incubation period of avian influenza is not long, and there are no obvious signs before the onset of the disease, so it cannot be diagnosed and prevented in advance, and only the samples are taken for serological diagnosis at the onset of the disease, generally using immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect all antibodies against the epidemic virus in type A poultry, but this diagnostic method cannot distinguish the subtype, and the hemocytoptination inhibition reaction (HI) must be used to determine the hemocytoptination antigen (HA), The neuranomidase antigen (NA) is determined by neuraminidase inhibition (NI) to determine the prevalent ** virus subtype.

If the diagnosis is to be confirmed, it depends on the isolation of the virus, and the virus mostly multiplies in the respiratory tract and digestive tract.

So far, there are three types of avian influenza transmitted from birds to man: A(H5N1), A(H7N7) and A(H9N2). Avian influenza is mainly transmitted horizontally, i.e. through direct contact between susceptible birds and infected birds or indirect contact with viral contaminants, such as contaminated drinking water, droplets, feed and other contaminated egg baskets, egg trays, conveyances, etc.

Feathers and feces contaminated with the virus are important infectious agents and should be taken with special care because of their high levels of virus and their long survival time. There is not enough evidence to determine whether the disease can be transmitted vertically, but the virus can be isolated from the yolks, egg whites and eggshells of eggs naturally infected with the avian influenza virus, so eggs from infected flocks cannot be used for hatching, and those that have not been sterilized cannot be transported to non-endemic areas. The main transmission of human infection with avian influenza.

Eat cooked and you should be fine!

There are two types of transmission of avian influenza: direct contact between healthy and sick poultry and indirect contact between healthy poultry and viral contaminants. Avian influenza viruses are present in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and body tissues of sick and infected birds. Therefore, the virus can be excreted from the body with secretions from the eyes, nose, mouth and feces, and any objects contaminated with virus-containing secretions, feces, and dead poultry carcasses, such as feed, drinking water, poultry houses, air, cages, feeding and management equipment, transport vehicles, insects, and various virus-carrying birds.

Healthy poultry can develop disease through respiratory and digestive tract infections. Avian influenza viruses can be transmitted through the air, migratory birds (e.g., mallards) can spread avian influenza viruses from one place to another, and can cause infection and morbidity in poultry flocks, such as through contaminated environments (e.g., water sources). The spread of avian influenza can be caused by the circulation of poultry flocks and poultry products carrying avian influenza viruses.

Due to the spread of avian influenza virus, wild birds (mainly migratory birds) are more common and are the main source of infection, coupled with the frequent occurrence of avian influenza in the world. Judging from the occurrence of avian influenza worldwide, there are uncertainties about the spread, occurrence and development of avian influenza. Therefore, judging from the current situation, there is no obvious regularity in the occurrence and development of avian influenza.

Direct or indirect exposure to an environment contaminated by infected live poultry or infected birds.

The most important risk factor for human infection with the H7N9 virus is direct or indirect exposure to an environment contaminated with infected live or infected birds. There is no evidence that the H7N9 virus can be transmitted to humans through properly handled poultry or eggs. In addition, eating cooked food does not infect the H7N9 virus.

There is no evidence that the H7N9 virus is sustainably "human-to-human".

Mainly retirees, houseworkers and unemployed people, and rural people; Middle-aged and elderly people are the majority; Most cases have underlying medical conditions; The vast majority of cases were preceded by exposure to live poultry or to markets where live poultry were sold. People engaged in non-scale and non-regulated poultry breeding, trafficking, slaughtering and other work are at higher risk of infection because they are more exposed to poisonous birds.

The source of human infection with avian influenza is poultry carrying avian influenza virus, which is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets, and can also be infected through close contact with secretions, excretions, feathers, blood, etc. of infected birds through the digestive tract, conjunctiva and breakage**.

The investigation suggests that human exposure to live poultry markets or exposure to live poultry is a risk factor for avian influenza and that the possibility of human-to-human transmission remains to be seen in close contacts of the patient.

The H7 virus of influenza A is usually a group of influenza viruses that circulate in birds. Influenza A viruses (H7N9) belong to a subgroup of the H7 family of viruses. Although there have been occasional reports of certain H7 viruses (H7N2, H7N3, H7N7) infecting humans, there have been no reports of human infection with H7N9 virus in the past until recent cases of human infection have been reported.

Avian influenza viruses are generally sensitive to heat and have strong resistance to low temperatures, and can be inactivated by heating for 30 minutes or boiling (100) for more than 2 minutes. The virus can survive for 1 week in feces at lower temperatures and 1 month in 4 water. In addition to respiratory transmission, the H7 virus of influenza A can also be infected through close contact with infected poultry secretions or excreta, and can also be infected through direct contact with the virus.

Although the infection and transmission mode cannot be determined, the following measures are effective measures to prevent infection: 1. Do not contact or eat sick (dead) poultry and animal meat, and do not buy fresh, live and frozen poultry and their products without quarantine certificates. 2. Raw poultry, meat and eggs must be cooked thoroughly.

In the process of food processing and eating, it is necessary to separate raw and cooked food to avoid cross-contamination, and the boards, knives and containers for handling raw poultry and livestock meat cannot be used for cooked food; 4. Maintain good personal hygiene habits and do not drink raw water; 5. Maintain hand hygiene and wash hands frequently. Wash your hands before, during, and after cooking, before and after using the toilet, and after handling raw poultry meat and eggs.

There are two ways of transmission of avian influenza: direct contact transmission and indirect contact transmission. Direct contact transmission refers to the direct contact between sick ducks (or sick chickens) and healthy ducks to obtain the chance of infection. Indirect contact transmission refers to the chance of infection in healthy ducks from contact with viral contaminants.

Avian influenza viruses exist in the digestive tract, respiratory tract, tissues and organs of sick or infected ducks, and can be excreted with secretions and feces from the eyes, nose, mouth and feces. The virus can be transmitted with duck secretions, feces, any object contaminated with dead duck carcasses, such as feed, drinking water, duck houses, air, cages, transport vehicles, etc. Healthy ducks can be infected through the respiratory tract and digestive tract, causing illness.

Avian influenza viruses can spread through the air, and the migration of migratory birds, such as mallards, can spread them from one place to another. The spread of avian influenza can be caused by the circulation of duck flocks and duck products carrying avian influenza viruses.

1. It is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, and is infected through close contact with infected poultry and their secretions, excrements, virus-contaminated water, etc., as well as direct contact with virus strains. The virus is present in high concentrations in feces of infected waterfowl and is transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated water springs. No hidden carriers have been found to be infected in humans, and there is no definitive evidence of human-to-human transmission.

2. Humans can also be infected by direct contact with poultry and their feces infected by avian influenza virus or direct contact with avian influenza virus.

3. Transmission through droplets and contact with respiratory secretions is also a route of transmission.

4. If you are in direct contact with items with a considerable amount of viruses, such as poultry feces, feathers, respiratory secretions, blood, etc., you can also cause infection through the conjunctiva and damage.

Avian influenza is a contagious disease that everyone talks about, and avian influenza is very contagious and spreads quickly. Although avian influenza is a disease that is very taboo, few people really know how it spreads and how to prevent it. <>

The early onset of avian influenza is often very similar to that of common influenza, so few people consider the possibility of avian influenza when they get it. This can lead to undetected influenza and then more and more spreading, leading to more people getting bird flu. If the patient is generally unwell, the condition is more serious, and the patient may experience multiple organ failure, and may even lead to death.

Therefore, it is important to understand how avian influenza spreads. <>

Avian influenza is mainly transmitted through the air, and patients with avian influenza will spray some virus-carrying droplets when coughing, which float in the air and are likely to enter the human respiratory tract, and then cause more people to be infected with avian influenza, which is often referred to as human-to-human transmission. It can also be spread through diet, for example, some people can become infected with avian influenza by eating eggs from chickens, milk from cows, and some meat products, or drinking infected water. <>

Avian influenza is very likely to be sick, and there are many sources of infection, and the speed of transmission is fast, so in daily life, we must take precautions. It's a good idea to wear a mask when you go out, especially at the peak of the bird flu outbreak. Don't eat all poultry food, when buying ingredients, be sure to buy through regular channels, and also pay attention to personal hygiene, frequent hand washing, and frequent indoor ventilation.

Avian influenza does not manifest itself immediately, and avian flu generally has an incubation period of 7 days, so once you feel unwell, you should go to the hospital for examination in time and cooperate with the doctor**.

It can be transmitted through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, direct contact, aerosols, mucous membranes. To stay away from live poultry, try to avoid eating raw poultry, you can usually exercise, you can improve immunity, and then eat more fruits and vegetables, go to bed early and get up early.

Its transmission routes include direct contact transmission, respiratory transmission, digestive tract transmission, etc.; You should do a good job of self-protection, wear a mask, do a good job of disinfection and hygiene, and do a good job of isolation.

Avian influenza is transmitted through physical contact or respiratory infections, and to prevent avian flu, we should try not to talk too close to each other face-to-face.

Categories: Healthcare.

Problem description: Can you be specific

Analysis: How likely is it that avian influenza will spread from person to person?

There have been no documented reports of human transmission of avian influenza, and no cases of infection among health care workers in close contact with avian influenza patients have been reported. Based on this, experts speculate that it is unlikely that avian influenza will be transmitted between people and Muzhi people at present.

However, the possibility of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza cannot be completely ruled out, because after the avian influenza virus enters the human body, it is possible to genetically recombine with the original influenza virus in the human body to produce a new influenza virus, resulting in a more difficult to control epidemic.

Can avian influenza spread from person to person?

Laboratory tests are currently being carried out to conclusively determine whether the virus can be transmitted from humans to humans, eventually causing a global plague. Experts from the World Health Organization and Viet Nam stressed that there is no evidence that the virus can be transmitted from humans to humans. However, the World Health Organization warns that if the virus mutates, the consequences will be very serious.

1 According to WHO, faeces are the main channel for the transmission of avian influenza.

2 The World Health Organization (WHO) said on the 16th that avian influenza, which has killed at least four people in Vietnam, is mainly transmitted through poultry feces, rather than cooked meat.

3 According to AFP, the WHO said that the H5N1 strain of avian influenza in the feces of sick chickens spreads through the air and is carried away by the wind. Chickens can easily spread bird flu through their droppings when they are placed in narrow cages on top of each other. Chicken owners are also at risk of inhaling the virus.

However, Fadler Shaib, a spokesman for the WHO, said it was almost impossible to get sick from eating sick cooked chicken. He quoted a WHO expert as saying: "The virus was boiled to death.

He stressed that boiling the chicken before plucking it also destroys the virus.

4 The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that people are equally at risk regardless of the type of sick chicken they come into contact with. Only a small number of infected poultry survive, and those that survive will excrete virus-containing feces for at least 10 days.

5 According to an avian influenza virus survey report released by the World Health Organization on the 15th, the viruses that cause avian influenza in Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam are all H5N1 influenza A viruses.

The incubation period for human infection with H7N9 avian influenza is generally less than 7 days. Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and little sputum, which may be accompanied by headache, muscle aches, and malaise. Heavy.

The patient's condition is manifested as severe pneumonia, most of the body temperature persists above 39, and dyspnea appears, which may be accompanied by hemoptysis; Acute respiratory distress complex may progress rapidly.

syndrome, pneumomediastinum, sepsis, shock, impaired consciousness, and acute kidney injury.