Erikson, Eric Sociological Theory of the Mind

Ericsson. The eight stages of psychosocial development, come in for yourself and your children to see.

Confidant and mosaic

2018-02-03.

Stage 1: Age (birth to 18 months) Developmental crisis (trust versus suspicion), important events (feeding), crisis description (initial love and trust between the baby and the caregiver to gain a sense of security.

If it is not handled well, anxiety will arise in an unfamiliar environment).

Stage 2: age (18 months to 3 years), developmental crisis (autonomy versus shame), milestone events (toilet training), crisis description (development of children's physical skills, the beginning of autonomous behaviors in line with social requirements; If you can't control your behavior well, you are prone to lack confidence and develop shame.)

Stage 3: Age (3-6 years old), Developmental Crisis (Active vs. Guilty), Important Events (Independence), Crisis Description (Children are more active and curious about the world around them, more confident and responsible; If the development is not going well, it will show withdrawal behavior or be too proactive, causing feelings of guilt).

Stage 4: Age (6-12 years old), Developmental Crisis (Diligence vs. Low Self-esteem), Important Events (Schooling), Crisis Description (Children begin to learn knowledge and develop the ability to behave in the world; If the development does not go smoothly, it will produce a sense of inferiority and failure, and lack of basic ability).

Stage 5: Age (12-18 years old), Developmental Crisis (Identity.

confusion about roles), important events (peer relationships), crisis descriptions (adolescents have gained identity in occupation, gender roles, etc., and have a clear direction; If the development does not go well, it is easy to lose the goal and lose confidence).

Stage 6: Age (early adulthood), developmental crisis (intimacy vs. loneliness), important events (love relationship), crisis description (early adulthood gradually feels intimate with others; If the development does not go well, it is easy to feel lonely and lonely due to social alienation).

Stage 7: Age (middle adulthood), Developmental crisis (reproductive vs. stagnation), Critical events (parenting mentor), Crisis description (middle adulthood, caring for the family, supporting the development of the next generation, having a sense of social responsibility.

If the development is not smooth, you do not care about others, and life is easy to lose meaning).

Stage 8: Age (late adulthood), developmental crisis (perfection without regrets to pessimism and despair), important events (reflection and acceptance of life), crisis description (self-acceptance and satisfaction reach the peak in late adulthood, and enjoy old age; If the development does not go well, then we will stick to the old things and waste time).

1.Trust vs. distrust 2Sense of autonomy vs. shame 3Sense of initiative vs. guilt 4Sense of diligence vs. inferiority complex 5Self-identity to role confusion 6Intimacy vs. loneliness 7A sense of competence versus a sense of incompetence.

1. Infancy (0 years old): the conflict of basic trust and distrust.

2. Childhood (years): the conflict between autonomy and shyness and suspicion collapses.

3. Early school age (3 5 years old): take the initiative to conflict with guilt.

4. School-age (6-12 years old), the conflict between diligence and inferiority.

5. Adolescence (12-18 years old): the conflict of self-unity and role confusion.

6. Early adulthood (18-25 years old): the conflict between intimacy and loneliness.

7. Adulthood (25-65 years old): the conflict between childbirth and self-focus.

8. Maturity (over 65 years old): the conflict between self-adjustment and despair.

Theoretical background phonetics.

Erickson is a theorist without an advanced degree. In fact, Erikson did not have a formal education beyond high school (Woodward, 1994), but he managed to climb the academic ladder as successfully as he could, earning a professorship at Harvard. Due to his lack of formal training, he did not commit himself to the regular academic tradition of psychology.

His perspectives are largely interdisciplinary, and he has a unique blend of Freud's ideas and the language of anthropology. Some commentators may argue that his research orientation is more philosophical than scientific. However, unlike Fromm and other researchers who turned to philosophy in psychological science, some of Erikson's concepts have been scientifically confirmed.

Erik Erikson was a well-known German-American psychologist and developmental psychologist of the 20th century who proposed the following theories of psychosocial development:

1.Life Stage Theory: Erikson proposed an 8-stage life cycle theory that describes the psychological development of humans at different ages.

These stages are: trust and distrust, autonomy and doubt, advocacy and guilt, diligence and effort, identity and confusion, intimacy and loneliness, concern and loneliness, wholeness and despair.

2.Identity Crisis Theory: This theory proposes that identity development in adolescence is achieved through exploration and crisis resolution.

Erikson argues that adolescents experience crises and uncertainties as they explore their own identity, and that the goal of cultivating identity is to resolve these crises.

3.Psychosocial Development Stages and Gender Role Theory: Erikson emphasizes the influence of gender roles on the development of psychosocial development.

He believes that the individual Qin Feng learned about gender roles through social chemistry in childhood and adolescence, and constantly explored and adjusted the values and behaviors associated with them in the process of identity development.

4.The Importance of Trust and Identity Building: Erickson emphasized the importance of trust in the healthy psychological development of individuals, and argued that identity building is also crucial. He believes that trust and building good relationships can promote an individual's mental health and self-identity.

These theories provide an important framework and perspective for understanding the psychosocial development of individuals at different stages.

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development.

Erikson believes that the development of personality consists of three inseparable processes: physical maturation, self-growth, and the development of social relationships.

He divided the human life into eight stages of development.

1. Infancy (0 1 years old) is the stage of psychological conflict between basic trust and distrust, and this stage gives birth to "hope".

2. Childhood (1 3 years old) is the stage of conflict with shyness and doubt. Children rebel against outside control and say "no". This stage produces the "will".

3. The early school age (3 6) is the stage of conflict between active and guilty. If children's initiative is encouraged, their initiative will be enhanced, and they will be more responsible and creative. This stage produces a "purpose".

4. The school-age period (6 12) is the conflict stage of diligence against inferiority. If you are successful in your studies, you will be diligent, and if you are not successful in your studies, you will have low self-esteem.

This stage forms the "competent" quality.

5. Adolescence (12 19) is a stage of conflict in which the role of self-identity is confused. This stage forms the "loyal" quality.

Loyalty is the ability to assert one's own identity despite the inevitable contradictions of the value system. Praise to the relatives.

6. Early adulthood (19-25) is the conflict between intimacy and loneliness. Friendship and love, breaking through loneliness, sacrificing part of oneself, and forming intimate relationships.

7. Adulthood (25-65) is the conflict between reproduction and stagnation.

Reproduction includes nurturing and nurturing offspring and bringing up offspring. This stage forms the qualities of care and creativity.

8. The maturity period (65) is the conflict between the sense of perfection and the sense of despair. A sense of perfection greater than a sense of despair develops the quality of wisdom and the ability to approach life and death with detachment.

Every stage of life growth is accompanied by conflict, and only by being able to successfully overcome it can a healthy personality be formed.

The former stage is the foundation of the latter, and some misses can never be remedied. Life is both fragile and tenacious, and as we grow, we continue to absorb energy to repair ourselves.

The harmony within each life is forged into the harmony of the whole society.

May every life be treated with tenderness.

Erikson argues that the development of a child's personality is a gradual process that must go through eight stages of constant order, the first five of which belong to the period of the child's growth and education. At each stage, there is a danger of development determined by the conflict and contradiction between biological maturity and socio-cultural environment and societal expectations. Successful and rational resolution of crises or conflicts at each stage will lead to the formation of positive personality traits in the individual, which will contribute to the development of a sound personality; Otherwise, the individual will develop negative personality traits, which will lead to the development of the personality in an unsound direction.

1 Basic trust vs. basic distrust (0 years).

The task of development at this stage is to develop a basic attitude towards the world around you, especially towards the social environment, and to cultivate a sense of trust. This basic sense of trust in the environment is the basis for the formation of healthy personality qualities, for the development of subsequent periods, the most important of which is the basis for the unity that develops in youth.

2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years old).

The task of this stage is to develop autonomy.

3 Sense of initiative vs. guilt (4-5 years old).

The task at this stage is to develop initiative.

4 Diligence and Posture Struggle against Inferiority Complex (6-11 years old).

The task of development at this stage is to develop a sense of diligence.

5 Self-identity versus role confusion (12-18 years old).

The developmental task of this stage is to develop self-identity. Self-identity refers to the image of self-coherence formed by individuals organizing their own motivations, abilities, beliefs, and experiences of their activities.

The other three stages are intimacy versus loneliness (early adulthood), reproduction versus stagnation (mid-adulthood), and self-integration versus hopelessness (late adulthood).

Erickson's theory of development identifies the tasks at each stage of development, and provides specific educational methods to solve crises and complete tasks, which helps teachers understand the types of conflicts faced by children at different stages of development, so that they can take appropriate measures to prescribe the right medicine.

Famous psychoanalyst Eric. Erikson believes that as we progress through life, we gradually develop basic beliefs about ourselves and social relationships on an unconscious level, and these basic beliefs will change our choices about relationships, and in turn, affect our development. Not only that, but every fundamental belief arises as a result of a crisis event that arises at a critical time in our development (a crisis that may be resolved smoothly or that cannot be resolved by constant consideration).

If the crisis event is successfully resolved, it will lay the foundation for healthy growth in the future. If it is not successfully resolved, it will not be possible to prepare for the next stage of psychosocial development.

Erikson divides the psychosocial development of a person into eight stages, and describes the developmental tasks (or main challenges) of each stage as an individual's choice between two opposing beliefs. In the following, I will describe the eight stages of Erikson's psychosocial development in terms of the age at each stage, the main challenges faced, the personality traits after the challenges are fully resolved, and the personality traits that the challenges are not fully addressed.

Stages of Psychosocial Development of Erikson.

Age Period (approximate) Major challenges Adequately addressed Not adequately addressed.

Years of trust vs. distrust Basic sense of security, being able to rely on external forces Insecurity, anxiety.

years of autonomy against shame or self-doubt and the belief that they are the masters of life; Ability to control one's body and what happens Feeling powerless about self-control and control of external things.

3-6 years old: Initiative: Guilt Feeling confident in one's own initiative to explore and create Feeling guilty about one's limitations or incompetence; I feel that the bright core lacks self-worth.

From the age of 6 to the developmental period, diligence and low self-esteem believe that they have basic social skills and intellectual abilities; Be accepted by your peers; self-acceptance, lack of self-confidence; There is a sense of frustration.

Adolescence Identity is confused about roles and feels comforted by the perception of oneself as a unique and socially accepted person Incomplete, constantly changing, unclear self-concept (self-perception).

Early adulthood Intimacy to loneliness Possess the ability to form intimate and loyal relationships with others and make commitments Feeling lonely and isolated, rejecting (denying) the need for intimacy.

Middle adulthood Reproduction vs. stagnation cares about family, society and offspring, not just about self-indulgence; Not thinking about the future; Lack of direction for the future.

In late adulthood, self-integration has a sense of wholeness in the face of disappointment; Feeling basically satisfied with life Feeling that life has no meaning; A sense of worthlessness and disappointment.

Although Erikson's theory has been criticized, the criticism has largely revolved around whether the eight stages he proposes will occur in a prescribed order, or whether different people will go through them at different times. But his theory was the first to cover the development of human beings throughout their lives, and it is still an outstanding achievement in the field of human development.