Western modern philosophy has had a great influence on art schools, what is the typical representati

Existentialist literature and existentialist philosophy.

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Art presents the spirit of objectivity.

Objective spirit

Ancient Greek philosopher Plato: The rational world is the first nature, the sensual world is the second nature, and the art world is only the third nature, that is, only the rational world is real.

The real world is only a copy of the rational world, so of course the art world is even more unreal, and art can only be regarded as "a facsimile of a copy", "a shadow of a shadow", and "three layers separated from reality" Plato's understanding of art is based on his philosophical concept of objective idealism.

He seeks to find a deep universality in concrete works of art.

Hegel, the master of German classical aesthetics, said that the core "beauty is the perceptual manifestation of ideas" attributed the essence of art to "ideas" or "absolute spirits", and also contained profound dialectical thoughts, believing that "ideas" are the content and "perceptual appearances" are the forms of expression.

The two are unified. Art is inseparable from content, but also from form; It is inseparable from reason and emotion. In a work of art, one can always recognize an infinite universal truth from a limited perceptual image.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Liu Xian's "Wenxin Carving Dragon" believed that the text was the manifestation of the Tao and that the Tao was the source of the text.

Zhu Xi, a Song scholar, went to the extreme in the relationship between literature and Taoism, believing that "literature" is just a simple tool for carrying "Tao", that is, "the carrying of a car".

In this way, "Dao" is not only the essence of literature and art, but also the content of literature and art, and "Wen" is only used as a tool of "Dao". Obviously, this theory of "carrying the Tao through literature" also reduces the essence of art to a certain objective spirit.

There are philosophical schools and philosophical schools.

Modern Western Philosophy.

It is a general term for various philosophical schools that have been popular mainly in Western capitalist countries since the middle of the 19th century. Modern Western philosophy generally refers to Western philosophy from Hegel to the present day. It is characterized by many new schools, profound changes in the way of thinking, close relationship with modern science and technology and humanities, great influence on China's realistic thought, and close to the development of future philosophy.

First of all, since Hegel, there have been new schools such as voluntarism, positivism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, analytic philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, Western Marxism, pragmatism, structuralism, deconstructionism, etc., and there are quite a few branches in these major schools, such as phenomenology, where almost every great thinker can set up a school on his own. They have brought about the most profound changes in the way of thinking in Western philosophy in the past 2,000 years: anti-metaphysics, anti-foundationalism, anti-subjectivism, the turn to language, the attention to the realm, and so on, which are refreshing and greatly enrich people's philosophical thinking.

This change has given modern Western philosophy a strong ability to penetrate and intersect with other disciplines, as well as the ability to establish new sub-disciplines, such as philosophy of science, environmental ethics, medical ethics, etc. Therefore, modern Western philosophy, science and technology have formed a closer interaction with many humanities, social sciences, and literary and artistic practices. Moreover, due to the change in the way of thinking, compared with traditional Western philosophy, modern Western philosophy and Chinese philosophy have become closer, and there are more possibilities for more and deeper dialogues.

In addition, modern Western philosophy is alive and evolving, and in today's globalized situation, it has a huge and lasting impact on various currents of thought in China. Since the reform and opening up, this phenomenon of "learning from the West to the East" has appeared again and again, and it is bound to continue to appear. It is precisely for this reason that modern Western philosophy plays an important role in the shaping of future philosophy.

There are many schools of modern Western philosophy, such as analytic philosophy, pragmatist philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism, and so on.

Modernist literature has the following artistic characteristics: 1. It opposes traditional realism, opposes the portrayal of typical characters in typical environments, and advocates bold innovation in art forms. Because they are bent on pursuing novelty in form, they inevitably fall into the dead-end of formalism.

In some works, the characters are fragmented and ambiguous, and the reader cannot figure out whether the protagonist is a man or a woman. Some works, with the same name, refer to men and women.

Some works are all loose-leaf, unbound, and the reader can start reading any of them. This kind of work, which is renovated in form and unknown in content, has no literary value.

2. Symbolism, Modernist writers often use symbolism. It was not only symbolist writers who used symbolism as their main means of expression, but also expressionist writers and absurdist dramatists. They use concrete images to express abstract concepts, and materialistic images to express subtle and hidden thoughts and feelings.

The use of symbolism by modernists is highly subjective and arbitrary, often based on personal intuition and peculiarity.

I don't really feel it. For example, the use of a patient anesthetized on an operating table to symbolize dusk makes the reader feel elusive. Modernism advocates the use of perception to express thoughts, and to reduce thoughts to perceptions.

They oppose the typification of realism and the direct expression of feelings in romanticism, and advocate the use of concrete images to express the deep thoughts and feelings of the heart. For example, Yeats's poem: "Only with our blood can a rose tree be watered."

Here, the rose tree is a symbol of Ireland, the poet's homeland, which he loved.

3. Stream of consciousness. This is a common artistic technique used by modernist writers. Since modernist literature focuses on the representation of the subjective world, it attaches great importance to psychological description.

They use inner monologues and free associations to express the complex and subtle and ever-changing mental activities of the characters. They excavate the subconscious activities of the characters and express the constant flow of the characters' consciousness and subconscious. This kind of subjective consciousness activity has a great deal of randomness, sometimes disorganized, and sometimes chaotic.

The stream-of-consciousness technique focuses on free association, connecting reality and fantasy, today and tomorrow, the conscious and the subconscious. In terms of time and space, the order of time is often reversed, confusing the boundaries of space. This technique can express the secrets of people's hearts and multi-level psychological activities, expand the scope of psychological description, and become a major artistic feature of modernist literature.

Fourth, absurd. It's an exaggeration of things to the point of extreme bizarreness. Clever writers can reveal the essence of things through the absurd.

For example, in Ionescu's play "The Chair", the stage is full of chairs, and two old men struggle to move between them. Through this absurdity, the author reveals the theme of oppression of things. Absurdist dramatists often used caricature-style exaggerations, and magical realist writers often depicted absurd plots.

This artistic approach, when used well, can subtly reveal the theme of the work, resonate with the reader, and inspire the reader to think deeply.

"Modern art" is the dominant art form in the West since the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 20th century, as Western society has entered the modern period, modern art has emerged that is different from classical art and modern art, and its prominent feature is that the art form is no longer dominated by realistic style, but reflects the concept and formal language of the artist's personality, and many art schools have been formed, and a period is dominated by a certain art school. For example, we are more familiar with Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, Abstractionism, Pop Art, Photorealism, and so on.

Of course, no matter what kind of art form, what it reflects and expresses is the social psychological characteristics brought about by modern social changes, and it is the artist's exploration of artistic expression. The positive results have enriched people's aesthetic experience and opened up the space for visual expression of art. The problem is that because of the lack of common artistic standards and excessive individuality, the good and the bad in art are uneven, and some are detached from the public and go to extremes.

He opposed traditional realism and advocated bold innovation in art forms.

Hello, there are many connections between modern Western art schools:1Impressionism and Post-Impressionism:

Post-Impressionism is a continuation and development of Impressionism, both emphasizing color and light, but Post-Impressionism pays more attention to form and structure, and expresses subjective emotions more obviously. 2.Cubism and Futurism:

Cubism and Futurism are both art genres in the early 20th century, both of which try to break through the traditional way of artistic expression, emphasizing composition, form and spatial relations, but Futurism emphasizes more movement and speed, and has stronger modernist characteristics. 3.Expressionism and Cubism:

Both Expressionism and Cubism sought to break with traditional artistic expressions, with the former emphasizing emotion and intuition, and the latter emphasizing form and structure. But both have a strong tendency towards abstraction, emphasizing the self-expression of the art form. 4.

Abstract Expressionism and Neo-Expressionism: Both Abstract Expressionism and Neo-Expressionism emphasize abstraction and form, but the latter is more concerned with social and political issues, trying to reflect reality through artistic expression. 5.

Minimalism and conceptual art: Both minimalism and conceptual art attempt to break free from the shackles of art forms, emphasizing the concepts and concepts of art. Both have strong anti-traditional and anti-art market tendencies.

The connection between these art schools is not isolated, they have not only similarities, but also their own characteristics and development trends, which influence and learn from each other, forming a rich and colorful modern art culture.