Why did Aristotle think that Solon s reforms were saving the nation

Historical inevitability: Politically, the aristocracy occupied important positions such as the chief consul, and controlled the Council of Elders, which was the highest decision-making, superintendent, and judicial organ, and the citizens' assembly, which was the highest organ of power.

Economically, the aristocracy exploited the commoners through usury and land annexation, causing the commoners and even their entire families to become debt slaves.

The political tyranny and economic oppression of the aristocracy provoked a revolt among the plebeians, leading to political turmoil in Athens. The Athenian revolt of the populace in 632 BC was a wake-up call for the rulers.

However, the partial adjustment of the ruler could not alleviate the increasingly acute social contradictions, and real social and political reforms were necessary to resolve the political crisis in Athens.

Summary: Summarize the historical inevitability and possibility of Solon's reform from three aspects: politics, economy, and individual.

Politics: The aristocratic politics of Athens and debt slavery led to intensified class contradictions, armed revolts among the commoners, demands for power-sharing by industrial and commercial slave owners, and social unrest. Political reform is imperative. (The inevitable product of the development of social contradictions).

Economic: Acute social contradictions, which seriously hindered the socio-economic development of Athens. Enabled the economic and military power of the neighboring states to catch up with and surpass Athens, and dealt a blow to Athens on the sea**.

Industrial and commercial slaves urgently demanded reforms, opposed to the old aristocratic autocracy, and developed overseas**. (An inevitable requirement of economic development).

Personal Contribution: Possessing a wealth of knowledge and a strong sense of patriotism, Solon led the reclaim of Salamis, won the support of the people, and adapted to the needs of reform. BC.

year, when elected to power.

officials, and take on the heavy responsibility of reform. (Possibility of reform).

1. Background reasons.

The contradiction between the aristocracy and the commoners and the industrial and commercial slave owners was the main contradiction in Athenian society, among which the contradiction between the commoners and the nobility was more acute, and the autocracy and exploitation of the aristocracy aroused the general dissatisfaction of the plebeian class.

1 The opposition between the aristocracy and the plebeians was the fundamental reason for Solon's reforms.

Civilians make up the majority of the population, but they are economically impoverished and politically privileged, but in fact unable to participate in the power of the State.

The aristocracy controlled the state politically, oppressed the commoners, possessed a lot of wealth economically, and exploited the commoners at will.

The aristocracy exploited mainly in the following ways: usury, debt slavery, and land annexation.

2 The opposition between the aristocracy and the industrial and commercial slave owners.

Most of the industrial and commercial slave owners were originally from the common class, and although they were economically wealthy, they were still socially discriminated against and politically powerless because of their low backgrounds.

3 Neither the Killen's revolt nor the Dragchus legislation resolved the complex contradictions of Athenian society.

The Code of Dragus, which is obviously characterized by strict punishment and strict law, is the first written law of Athens, which has a certain significance for suppressing the autocratic power of the aristocracy, and the culture and openness of the law are also of great significance for Athenian politics to move towards democracy. However, the code was entirely on the side of the aristocracy, using strict laws to protect the interests of the nobility, so it could not protect the legitimate interests of the commoners, could not appease the dissatisfaction of the citizens of Athens, and could not resolve social contradictions.

A series of economic, political, and social reforms carried out by the Athenian consul Solon (c. 640 b. 558 B.C.) in the early 6th century BC.

1. Background: Due to the development of slave ownership, many commoners in Athens were enslaved by the clan nobles due to debts, and the struggle of the commoners against the exploitation, oppression and monopoly of power by the clan nobles was very fierceIn 594 BCE, Solon was elected chief consul, became the arbiter of both sides of the struggle, and implemented extensive reforms as a legislator.

2. The main contents of the reform are:

Abolish all debts of Athenian citizens as collateral for their lives, prohibit borrowing against their own persons, and redeem those who were sold into slavery in foreign lands at the expense of the state because they were unable to pay their debts. This measure is historically known as the Discharge Order. The monopoly of the hereditary aristocracy was abolished, and the hierarchy of citizens was no longer divided by birth but by the amount of property.

Citizens are divided into four classes according to the total amount of agricultural income in a year, and the political rights of each class are determined according to their financial resources. Clause.

Citizens of the first and second classes may hold high official positions in the state; Citizens of the fourth estate cannot hold official positions, but have the right to participate in citizens' assemblies and popular courts. The establishment of the Council of 400 and the People's Court as the highest administrative and judicial organs, the extension of the powers of the Citizens' Assembly, and the granting of every citizen to the Citizens' Assembly and the People's Court on matters of interest to him/her. A new code was enacted to replace Gracchus's draconian laws, leaving only the part relating to homicide, making the whole Athenian law more humane.

Solon also rewarded citizens for handicrafts and commerce, banned the export of grain, reformed weights and measures, minted new Athenian coins, and enacted a number of edicts concerning the inheritance of hail property, the prohibition of heavy burials, and the bereavement of relatives who sacrificed their lives for the country.

3. Significance: Solon's reform was an important milestone in the historical development of the Athenian city-state, which laid the foundation for Athenian democracy, contributed to the development of industry and commerce, adjusted the interest relations between different strata within the citizen collective, and ensured the economic, political and social status of the citizens who were small and medium owners engaged in labor.

The decree of release was promulgated, debt slavery was abolished, industry and commerce were developed, jury courts were established, meetings of 500 people were established, and regions were demarcated, which set a precedent for a generation of democratic politics.

1. Impact. One of the most significant effects of Solon's reforms was that it opened a democratic political path for later generations, through the jury system, the Council of Four Hundred, etc., citizens had certain political rights, although it was not yet possible to achieve complete sovereignty in the people, but the model of democracy has been revealed. And Cristhenes, on the basis of Solon's reforms, overthrew the rule of the aristocracy, broke the blood ties, and established the democratic system.

Then, through the further refinement of Pericles, democratic politics eventually became the mainstream of world politics.

Solon's reforms had a profound impact on democratic politics and had a huge impact on the society of the time. The development of slavery industry and commerce in ancient Athens alleviated the contradiction between the commoners and the aristocracy, so that the political rights of citizens were guaranteed to a certain extent, and indirectly weakened the rule of the aristocracy. However, Solon's social reforms adhered to the idea of moderation and fairness, both to fight for the interests of the commoners and to maintain the privileges of the aristocracy, which determined the incompleteness of Solon's reforms.

The impact of Solon's reforms was still a huge leap forward for the era, leading to the rise of industrial and commercial slave owners, and it was in this way that the division of power in the West was born. It provides a reference for the democratic politics of Athens and the decentralization politics of the West.

2. Introduction. Solon was a famous politician in ancient Athens, and when he was elected chief executive, he launched a series of reform measures in response to the social contradictions of the time, which is known in history as Solon's reform. The influence of Solon's reforms was very deep for the later Cleisthenes, Perikles and others, laying a solid social foundation for the establishment of later democratic politics, and Solon's reforms had a certain influence in Athens and even the world.

Sauron's reforms; The power of the aristocratic slave-owning class was weakened, and the power of the industrial and commercial class was strengthened.

Shang martingale transformation; The old aristocratic slave-owning class was suppressed, and the new landlord class and yeoman peasant class arose and grew.

Solon's reforms were of great significance, as they adjusted the sloppy relations between the commoners and the nobility within the freedmen, and expanded the social basis for the rule of the slave owners, such as the crude class. The reforms also dealt a blow to the old clan system, raised the status of the plebeians in the political life of the state, and facilitated the transformation of the Athenian slave state from aristocracy to democracy.

Solon wrote: "The black land will be the best witness, for it is I who has been uprooted in her debts, and she has been enslaved before, but now she has been freed." Many of the betrayed people ......We have liberated them!

Solon's measure to "free them" was the abolition of debt slavery.