What difficulties did you encounter in building railways on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau?

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and highway, plateau permafrost has always been the biggest problem plaguing the construction of the project. Since the 60s of the last century, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has cooperated with the Ministry of Railways, the Northwest Branch of the Chinese Academy of Railway Sciences and other units to endure the dangers of plateau operations such as harsh climate, hypoxia and altitude sickness, solve the world's problems such as plateau permafrost and ecological environment, and make a series of major innovative contributions to the smooth opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the smooth flow of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. In order to overcome the problem of frozen soil, since 1961, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has organized its own team to carry out permafrost survey and exploration along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and established observation stations for long-term observation.

During this period, the researchers carried out the study of the distribution characteristics of permafrost, the engineering conditions of road construction in permafrost areas, the phenomenon of undesirable permafrost geology along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, the permafrost investigation along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, the permafrost investigation and mapping along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and the research on water sources in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which provided the relevant parameters and permafrost disease control measures required for the engineering design of permafrost areas. After the start of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the Chinese Academy of Sciences attached great importance to the problem of tackling the frozen soil of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and successively organized experts from the State Key Laboratory of Permafrost Engineering and a number of scientific research institutions, and arranged tens of millions of yuan of scientific research funds for permafrost research, and obtained a large number of scientific research data and scientific research results. The frozen soil research of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway draws on the frozen soil construction experience of large-scale projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, the Qinghai-Tibet Oil Pipeline, and the Lansila Optical Cable, and draws on the frozen soil research results of Russia, Canada, Northern Europe and other countries.

Chinese scientists have mainly adopted measures such as bridge instead of road, flake stone ventilation subgrade, ventilation pipeline subgrade, gravel and flake slope protection, hot rod, insulation board, comprehensive anti-drainage system, etc., and have made significant progress in tackling permafrost research, and creatively put forward for the first time in the world to regulate the conduction, convection, and radiation as the theoretical basis of cooling the roadbed, reducing the permafrost temperature of the new design ideas, and solving the world's problems such as the stability of the permafrost subgrade of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The permafrost research base of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has become the largest permafrost research base in China and even the world. In the research of engineering permafrost, Chinese scientists have creatively put forward the innovative design idea of "cooling the roadbed and reducing the temperature of permafrost" in the world, as well as put forward the scientific and technical measures for the engineering stability of the permafrost subgrade with high temperature and high ice content, and at the same time, they have also pioneered the international precedent of ecological environmental protection along the permafrost railway, and walked out of an innovative road with a number of independent intellectual property rights for the construction of roads and railways in the plateau permafrost area.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can build railways, but the two biggest problems must be solved, and how to solve them.

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the world's highest altitude (5,072 meters above sea level at the highest point of the line, 960 kilometers long through the section above 4,000 meters above sea level), the longest (kilometers) of frozen soil routes, and the most difficult natural conditions. The three major global problems of permafrost, alpine hypoxia and fragile ecology have brought great difficulties to the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is rich in rare species, unique and primitive ecological types, and has a sensitive environment, which is difficult to recover once damaged.

The construction of wildlife passages is the first time in the history of railway construction in China, and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has set up a total of 33 wildlife passages in the section from Golmud to Lhasa, and according to the habits of different animal populations, the passages are designed in three forms: under the bridge, above the tunnel and on a gentle slope. Overcoming many difficulties in the work of the plateau, scientific researchers have used automatic video monitoring, dynamic monitoring, fixed-point monitoring and other methods, and the field monitoring data obtained in the past two years show that the wildlife corridor has been effectively used by Tibetan antelope and other wild animals, and can gradually adapt, and the passage has effectively protected biodiversity.

The scientific and technological achievements of "the development and application of oxygen production and oxygen supply system in the wind volcano tunnel of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway" in the construction of the wind volcano tunnel have filled the gap of high-altitude oxygen production technology in the world.

Permafrost"The scientists' solution is:"Keep it cold"--Anti-thawing.