What is the origin and evolution of modern Western economics ?

The evolution is as follows:

1. After the development of mercantilism, classical economics and vulgar economics, Western economic theory has gradually evolved into modern microeconomics.

and macroeconomics, which we generally refer to as Western economics, directly to Marshall.

The creation of microcosmic theory and Keynes.

Creation of the macro theory.

2. Since Marshall proposed microeconomics, it has undergone many supplements. Due to the formation of monopolies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the original micro-theory of perfect competitive market types was challenged, so in 1933, Robinson of England.

Chamberlain of the United States.

The economics of imperfect competition and the theory of monopolistic competition were proposed, which filled a major loophole in micro research. In addition, after the 1930s, Hicks, Walras, Pareto, etc., put forward the general equilibrium theory, ordinal utility theory, welfare economics, etc., which further supplemented the traditional microeconomic theory system.

3. World War II.

Later, economists in the United States, represented by Samuelson, synthesized micro theory and macro theory together, constituting the mainstream ideological system of modern popular Western economics, and constantly changing their statements with the changes in historical conditions, which itself shows the evolutionary nature of theories, and theories always have to continue to develop along with changes in economic reality.

The fundamental reason for the emergence of Western economics is the scarcity of resources.

In Western economics: scarcity refers to the fact that compared with people's infinite desires, the resources used to satisfy human desires are limited, which is the law of resource scarcity in economics. In economics, scarcity is used to describe the limited availability of resources, human desires are unlimited, but resources are finite, and limited resources are scarce relative to infinite desires.

Scarcity refers to a state in which there is always a finite number of goods, relative to demand. No realistic observer will deny that, despite two centuries of economic growth, the productive capacity of the United States cannot fully satisfy everyone's desires.

If all the needs are taken together, it will immediately become clear that the goods and services available are not at all sufficient to satisfy a fraction of every many's desire to consume, and that our national output must be many, many times greater so that the average American can attain the level of a doctor or a league baseball player. Not to mention countries outside the United States, especially in Africa and Asia. There, thousands of people are even starving and cold.

Scarcity can also be artificially made, which can make an item more visible and thus trigger a panic sale. Such as the current "hunger marketing".

Western economics studies the relationship between people and things, and the research object is the rational allocation and effective utilization of resources under certain institutional conditions. Broadly speaking, it is behavioral science, which studies people's choices under scarce resources; In a narrow sense, it is the study of how to make full use of resources and how to distribute social products. Western economics is the study of the relationship between people and things, and Western economics refers to the political economics that is popular in Western countries.

This discipline is a compulsory professional course for higher finance and management in China, and it contains a wide range of contents, including macroeconomics, dynamic economics, history of economic thought, etc. There are also ten classic works in economics: Adam Smith (England) The Wealth of Nations, David Ricardo (England) The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Marx (Germany) Capital, Walras (France) The Essentials of Pure Economics, Fisher (USA) The Theory of Interest, Keynes (UK) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Marshall (UK) Principles of Economics, Samuelson (USA) Economics, Buchanan (USA) The Calculation of Consent.

---1.Classical economics. From the mid-17th century to the 70s of the 19th century, including the English economists Smith, Ricardo, Senior, Mill, Malthus, and the French economist Say.

Represented by Smith, whose 1776 publication of The Wealth of Nations was called the first revolution in economics, establishing a laissez-faire-centered economic system, and he marked the birth of economics. The representative textbook is Mill's Principles of Political Economy and Its Application to Social Philosophy, which has been popular for 20 years.

2.Neoclassical economics. From the beginning of the "marginal revolution" of the 19th century to the 30s of the 20th century.

Including the British economists Jerwin Shi and Marshall, and the French economist Walras - the marginal utility theory of value is said to be the second revolution in economics, he marked the beginning of neoclassical economics, and Marshall's "Principles of Economics" published in 1890 is its representative textbook.

3.Modern Economics. It began with the emergence of Keynesianism in the thirties of the 20th century.

These include British economists John Maynard Keynes, Joan Robinson, and Slaval, as well as American economists Samuelson, Friedman, and Lucas. Among them, Keynes's "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" published in 1936 marked the birth of contemporary economics, which is known as the four major works that changed world history along with Einstein's "Theory of Relativity", Darwin's "Origin of Species", and Marx's "Capital".

1 William Petty.

2 François Quenet.

2 François Quenet.

The first stage: from the mid-17th century to the mid-19th century, microeconomics was the main focus, represented by Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations", which was the embryonic stage of economic theory research.

The second stage: from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it was the stage of neoclassical economics, and the representative works include Marx's theory of surplus value and Alfred Marshall's "Principles of Economics".

The third stage: from the 30s to the 60s of the 20th century, the beginning of the establishment of modern macroeconomics, represented by Keynesianism.

The fourth stage: after the 60s of the 20th century, the modern Western economic system was finally established, and the equilibrium theory, consumption economics, productivity economics, manufacturer equilibrium theory and welfare economics were established.

The main theory of Western economics, in nature, is the theory of how to squeeze the ruled class to achieve the maximum interests of the capitalists, and it is an economic theory from the position of the capitalists; In terms of means, it is to comprehensively use some economic knowledge recognized by Western social economists so far to manipulate the development of capitalist economy and society; In terms of purpose, it is how to maximize the interests of the capitalists; In terms of content, it can be divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics; In terms of industry, it can be divided into managerial economics, social economics, political economy, and so on; In terms of methodology, it can be divided into technical economics, theoretical economics, and so on.