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China's nuclear industry was created and developed after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 1950, the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established and began to engage in nuclear science and technology research. In 1954, Chinese geologists discovered uranium resources in Guangxi in comprehensive prospecting.

After listening to the report of the geological department, he pointed out that we have abundant mineral resources, and our country should also develop atomic energy. In July 1955, it was decided to set up a construction technology bureau in the State Construction Committee to be responsible for the preparation of experimental heavy water reactors and cyclotrons aided by the former Soviet Union. On November 16, 1956, the state established the Third Ministry of Machine-Building Industry (changed to the Second Ministry of Machine-Building Industry in 1958 and the Ministry of Nuclear Industry in 1982) to build the nuclear industry with the assistance of the Soviet Union.

In 1958, China's first heavy-water experimental reactor and cyclotron were completed and put into operation. In 1960, the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the agreement, and the following year withdrew 233 specialists working in the nuclear industry system, taking with them important drawings. However, China's nuclear science and technology research and nuclear industry construction did not stop there, under the leadership of the first country, self-reliance, hard work, and continued development.

In November 1962, a special committee of 15 people headed by the first team was established to directly lead the development and production of the atomic bomb. On October 16, 1964, the first atomic bomb was successfully struck; On June 17, 1967, the first hydrogen bomb** test was successfully conducted; In September 1971, the first nuclear submarine was successfully tested, indicating that China's nuclear industry has developed rapidly and a relatively complete nuclear industrial system has been built. At the end of the 70s, as the focus of the country's work shifted to economic construction, the nuclear industry shifted from mainly serving the military to the combination of military and civilian, focusing on nuclear energy, diversified operations, and mainly engaged in the peaceful use of nuclear energy and nuclear technology, and the development of civilian products.

In June 1983, the construction of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant with an electric power of 300,000 kilowatts designed by China began in Qinshan, Haiyan County, Zhejiang. In April 1984, the company introduced technology and equipment to start the construction of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Shenzhen, Guangdong. In April 1988, the Ministry of Nuclear Industry was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the newly established Ministry of Energy; At the same time, the China National Nuclear Corporation was established to be responsible for the operation and management of nuclear industry enterprises and institutions. Since the 90s, the nuclear industry has continued to implement the principle of "integrating military and civilian use, focusing on nuclear weapons, diversifying operations, and invigorating the economy" and has achieved faster development.

Research began in 1950. By 1958, the first experimental reactor and cyclotron of the heavy water type were built.