What were the objective conditions under which Europeans were able to open up new shipping routes in

1 The rise of capitalism in Europe requires them to have primitive accumulation of these currencies.

2 Marco Polo described the East as a place full of land.

3 The drawing of accurate nautical charts provides objective conditions for the opening of new shipping routes.

4 Wide application of shipbuilding technology and compass technology.

5 A form of religious expansion in Europe required the opening of new routes.

The opening of new shipping routes in Europe has had many far-reaching impacts on the development of human history, mainly including the following aspects:

1. Promote exchanges and exchanges between Eurasia, Africa, America and other regions. Europeans arrived in the Americas via new shipping routes, bringing with them European goods and culture, as well as crops such as corn and potatoes from the Americas, accelerating the connection between Eurasia and the rest of the world.

2. It promoted the formation of the European capitalist economic system. Through colonization and plunder, European countries acquired vast amounts of wealth and resources, which became an important basis for the promotion of European capitalism.

3. It has changed the geopolitical pattern of the world. The expansion of European colonization and the expansion of spheres of influence changed the feudal fragmentation since the Middle Ages and laid the foundation for the later world pattern.

4. It exacerbated the contradictions and conflicts between the colonies and the colonized. European colonial expansion brutally oppressed and exploited the local population, triggering large-scale resistance movements and national liberation struggles.

5. Promote the development of science and technology. The opening of new shipping routes in Europe promoted the development and application of science and technology such as astronomy, geography, and marine surveying in the Age of Discovery.

To sum up, the opening of new shipping routes in Europe has had a profound impact on human history, not only changing the world pattern and the way human beings communicate with each other, but also promoting economic development and scientific and technological progress.

1 The development of the commodity economy in Western European countries has increased the demand for ** (mainly) 2 The circulation of "Marco Polo's Travels", Europeans regard the East as a paradise on earth in the borderland.3 The trade routes are not smooth, and the Ottoman Empire's control of the eastern Mediterranean has hindered the trade routes.4 The objective conditions are met, and the development of productive forces, knowledge, and science and technology in Western Europe are references.

1. Fundamental causes: economic roots The development of the commodity economy and the germination of capitalism (the opening of new routes appeared in the context of the emergence and initial development of capitalist relations of production, which is the need for the further development of capitalism, and the greedy pursuit of Europeans for the first place essentially reflects the urgent requirements of capitalist relations of production for plundering wealth and accelerating the primitive accumulation of capital, in this sense, we can say that the emergence of the germ of capitalism is the fundamental reason for the opening of new routes. ）

Social Roots ** or Gold Hunt.

2. Business crisis.

If European merchants wanted to directly deal in Oriental goods and monopolize the huge profits, they could only bypass Arab and Italian merchants and find another way. More seriously, after the middle of the fifteenth century, the Ottomans controlled the hub of the Asia-Europe trade route, extracted heavy taxes, and the traditional east-west trade route was blocked.

3. Ideological and religious roots.

Spiritual power: The Renaissance movement emerged in Europe in the century, and the mainstream social trend of humanism advocated the affirmation of the role and value of human beings, and encouraged people to dare to take risks and forge ahead to challenge and conquer nature, boldly pursue wealth and realize personal values.

2) Religious factors: the spread of Catholicism.

4.Condition. Objective conditions (1) Material conditions: including sea vessels, materials and funds.

2) Nautical technology: The application of the compass is the most prominent performance. The compass needle invented in China was widely used in Europe in the 14th century after the Arabs spread to the west, so that navigation would not be disoriented, and without the use of the compass needle, ocean navigation would be impossible.

3) Shipbuilding technology: A new type of lightweight, multi-masted and multi-sail, fast and wide ship has emerged.

Subjective conditions: the support of the Spanish and Portuguese royal families.

Because Europeans have long relied on spices, silk and other goods from the East, but the rise of Turkey during that period blocked the original Silk Road. In order to obtain goods and wealth, Europeans could only turn their eyes to the vast seas to the west of the continent in the hope of reaching the east. Eventually, they did make it around the African continent to India, and Columbus discovered the New World, which was a different route from the previous tradition, hence the name "opening of a new sea route".

Because of this, all the continents of the earth began to be closely connected.

If you want to be specific, you have to say it for hours.

However, I recommend you to watch a documentary "The Rise of a Great Power" about the development history of this period! Thank you.

It is a historical necessity to open up new routes, which is mainly manifested in:

With the development of the European commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism, Europeans have become increasingly fanatical in their pursuit of money and capitalism.

The Ottoman Turkish Empire controlled the trade routes between the East and the West, leading to a commercial crisis in Europe.

The development of the productive forces in Western Europe has laid the material foundation for opening up new shipping routes.

The improvement of astronomical and geographical knowledge, and the progress of navigation and shipbuilding technology, also prepared the necessary conditions for ocean navigation.

This was the time of the Renaissance, and humanism promoted a spirit of adventure and enterprise.

The germination of capitalism in Europe required a large number of ** and the expansion of the market, and the rise of the Ottoman Turks blocked the traditional trade routes between the East and the West, which limited the development of capitalism at that time.

The rulers supported the opening of new shipping routes.

The above reasons make the opening of new shipping routes inevitable.

Because the development of capitalism is triggered by a large demand for ** and **, as well as the market and raw materials.

1 Accurate nautical chart drawing.

2 The application of the compass and the development of shipbuilding technology.

3 Countries** have supported the spread of religion ...

Answer: A The economic root cause is the increase in the demand for money due to the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism, and the other three are the social roots, and the root cause of the opening of new shipping routes is the economic root. In addition, it is pointed out that the fanatical pursuit of ** has become the main driving force for exploring new routes.

In that year, Dias sailed south from Portugal with three sailing ships along the west coast of Africa. The fleet was about to reach the southwestern tip of Africa when it encountered a storm. The flotilla was blown off the coast, and the crew fought the storm to unwittingly circumnavigate the African continent and into the Indian Ocean.

But by this time the crew was exhausted, and Dias had to order to return. On their way back, they discovered a sharp horn at the southwestern tip of Africa, which the King of Portugal later named the Cape of Good Hope. (Portugal - West Africa - Cape of Good Hope - Indian Ocean).

Columbus sailed from Spain with a fleet of three ships across the Atlantic. After more than two months and a great deal of hardship, we finally arrived in Cuba, Haiti and other places in today's Americas. Columbus believed that Europe and Asia were separated by the Atlantic, and always believed that the place he was going to was India in Asia, so he called the local residents Indians, which means residents of India.

Spain-Atlantic-Americas).

By 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese, led a fleet of ships along the route of Dias to India, where he gained numerous riches. (Portugal - West Africa - Cape of Good Hope - Indian Ocean - India).

By 1522, at the behest of the King of Spain, Magellan led a fleet across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and returned to Europe to complete his voyage around the world. (Spain - Atlantic - Strait of Magellan - Pacific - Indian Ocean - Europe).

Thanks to the emergence of the bud of capitalism and the development of the capitalist economy! A major milestone in the opening of new shipping routes in Europe:

The Portuguese Dias led a fleet to the Cape of Good Hope at the southwestern tip of Africa;

The Italian Christopher Columbus set out from Spain and reached the West Indies of the Americas via the Atlantic, opening up a new route to the Americas;

The Portuguese da Gama circumnavigated the Cape of Good Hope to India;

The Portuguese Magellan set out from Spain and returned to Spain after passing through the Atlantic Ocean, the east coast of South America, the Strait of Magellan, the Pacific Ocean, the Philippine Islands, the Indian Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Atlantic Ocean.

The reason for the opening of the new shipping route: at the end of the century, the extensive development of the commodity economy of Western European countries and the continuous expansion of exchange made it the most important means of payment in commodities, and the first in the Eastern countries became the dream of Western Europeans; 2.However, at this time, the Ottoman Empire controlled the main road between the east and the west, blocking the traditional trade routes of Western European countries to the East; The aristocrats and new merchants of Western Europe, who were in a fervent pursuit of Oriental wealth (**, jewelry, spices, silk, etc.), were anxious to find a direct sea route to India and China; 3.

Portugal and Spain, located in southwestern Europe and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, began overseas adventures and colonization activities earlier, mastered more advanced navigation knowledge and shipbuilding technology, and possessed certain financial resources, becoming the starting places for opening up new shipping routes. 4."The Travels of Mark Polo" aroused the European yearning for the East; 5.The catalytic role of humanist thought.

In general, the direct reasons for the opening of new shipping routes are: the pursuit of wealth and profit; The fundamental reason is: the development of the commodity economy.

1.The development of the commodity economy and the emergence of the germ of capitalism (root causes).

2.The greed for precious metals and money3The impact of the "business crisis" in Europe.

4.The new bourgeoisie expands the market, the need for the "primitive accumulation" of capital5The commercial road between East and West was controlled.

The family is not good, they come out to look for wealth, rob other people's land, kill all the people in other places, and say that when they discover the New World, the Europeans are robbers.