What is a relative surplus population? What are its basic forms

Relative surplus population refers to the fact that the supply of labor exceeds the demand for capital for it, thus forming a relative surplus population.

Relative surpluses often take three forms: a mobile surplus, a potential surplus, and a stagnant surplus.

With the growth of capital accumulation and the organic composition of capital.

On the one hand, the demand for labor by capital is increasingly decreasing relatively, or even absolutely; On the other hand, the supply of labor is increasing rapidly. Inevitably, a large number of workers will lose their jobs, resulting in a relative surplus population.

The relative surplus of population is in the capitalist system.

under the peculiar population law is exhibited.

The so-called relative surplus population is the surplus working population that is expressed relative to the needs of capital. Relative surplus population is an economic phenomenon that accompanies the process of capital accumulation when the social productive forces develop to a certain stage. In the relatively low stage of social production, on the one hand, market competition has led to the continuous emergence of new technologies and new equipment, which has promoted the continuous development of social productive forces, thus continuously increasing the organic composition of capital and reducing the demand for labor.

On the other hand, in a certain period of time, the supply of labor often remains relatively unchanged, or continues to increase, which contradicts the relatively shrinking demand for labor, resulting in a relative surplus population.

There are three forms of relative surplus population: one is the floating surplus population. It refers to those unemployed people who are temporarily unable to find a job or who are temporarily diverted from the production process, who are sometimes absorbed into the production process and sometimes enter the ranks of the unemployed.

The second is the potential surplus population. It refers to those who still have a small plot of land in the countryside and rely on the management of this small plot of land and part-time work to make a living. They appear to be unemployed, but in reality they are redundant in agricultural production.

The third is the stagnant surplus population. It refers to those who do not have a regular occupation and rely on doing odd jobs to make ends meet.

In order to solve the problem of relative surplus population, that is, the problem of employment, while increasing the organic composition of capital, the basic way is to increase social capital. Because if the increase in social capital is greater than the relative decrease in variable capital, even if the relative amount of variable capital decreases, the absolute amount will increase, thus increasing the demand for labor and increasing employment opportunities.

Floating surplus population: urban or industrial areas, sometimes employed, sometimes employed, their unemployment is mobile.

Latent surplus population: peasants with very little land, who work little throughout the year, live in poverty, are unemployed for a large period of time, and who will migrate to the cities as soon as they can.

Stagnation of the surplus population: Lack the culture required by the capitalists, or who have aged prematurely due to overwork, most of whom have lost their jobs many times and have difficulty finding work.

Technological innovation and layoffs in enterprises are the floating surplus population, and the peasant land has been expropriated and the landless peasants are the potential surplus population, and the glue matchbox at the boss's wife's house is hot quickly or help the family to make the matchbox at the boss's wife's house to make the heat quickly is the stagnant surplus population.

The basic forms of relative surplus population include the floating surplus population, the latent surplus population, and the stagnant surplus population.

1. Floating surplus population.

The floating surplus mainly refers to workers who are temporarily unemployed in cities and industrial centers. These workers are sometimes employed, sometimes unemployed, and are mobile. This is due to the fact that some sectors and enterprises are forced to lay off workers at any time because of shrinking production, or because of the introduction of new technologies, or because of the transfer of capital.

Since capitalist production is extremely unstable, there are very few workers who have not lost their jobs in their lifetime. With the development of capitalist industry, the mobile surplus population is increasing day by day.

2. Latent excess population.

The potential surplus population refers to the surplus population in agriculture. The development of capitalist agriculture bankrupted more and more poor peasants in individual states; At the same time, with the improvement of the organic composition of agricultural capital and the widespread use of machinery, the demand for agricultural labor has also decreased relatively or even absolutely.

This part of the surplus population is an important part of the large number of cheap labor in capitalist enterprises.

3. Stagnation of the surplus population.

The stagnant surplus population is due to premature aging due to overwork, or lacks the cultural skills needed by the capitalists, and often finds it difficult to find formal work after many unemployments.

This surplus is supplemented mainly by the surplus labourers of large industry and agriculture, and by the craftsmen who are crowded out by the production of large machines. The greater the scale of accumulation, the greater this surplus population.

The inevitability of the relative over-response model surplus population:

On the one hand, the demand for labor by capital decreases comparatively, sometimes absolutely; On the other hand, the supply of labor to capital has increased absolutely. As a result of the development of these two opposing tendencies, a large number of unemployed people will inevitably be formed, that is, a relative surplus population, which is manifested as a surplus of working population relative to the needs of the multiplication of capital value.

In the process of capital accumulation, the organic composition of capital shows an upward trend. This is because capital accumulation and the increase in labor productivity are closely linked and mutually reinforcing. Capital accumulation prompts capitalists to adopt advanced technology and promotes the increase of labor productivity; An increase in labor productivity increases relative surplus value, thereby expanding the source of capital accumulation.

The relative surplus population is the inevitable result of the development of the capitalist mode of production, and at the same time it is also a necessary condition for the existence of the capitalist mode of production. This is because the development of capitalist production is cyclical, and the existence of a relative surplus population can adjust and meet the demand for labor at any time from the changes in the production cycle.

a.Floating surplus population searching.

b.Potential overpopulation scum.

c.Blind surplus population.

d.Stagnation is like a leak in the surplus population.

e.There is a surplus population in the idle phase.

Correct Answer: Floating surplus population; potential overpopulation; Stagnant surplus population.

The formation of the surplus population is due to the reasons of the remainder:

1.The continuous improvement of the organic composition of capital has led to a relative reduction in the variable capital part of the total capital, and thus the demand for labor by capital has been relatively reduced.

2.Advances in production technology and the widespread use of machinery have led to an increase in the supply of labour as a result of the emergence of a large number of women and children, bankrupt peasants, craftsmen and small and medium-sized capitalists into the ranks of wage labourers.

3.The high natural growth rate and the birth rate higher than the death rate in a region lead to an increase in the number of people who are hungry.

4.The increase in agricultural production capacity and the improvement of agricultural production technology have led to an increase in agricultural production capacity and an increase in the population of rural areas.

5.Urbanization is accelerating, the urban population is increasing, and people from rural areas are migrating to cities.

6.The long-term family planning policy has limited the growth of the population, but it will lead to problems such as population aging and gender imbalance.

The combination of these factors can lead to the formation of a relative surplus population.

The formation of a relative surplus population is due to the following.

1. The growth rate of natural prosperity is high, and the birth rate of a region is higher than the death rate, which will lead to an increase in the number of people.

2. The improvement of agricultural production capacity, the improvement of agricultural production technology has increased agricultural production capacity and increased the population in rural areas.

3. The process of urbanization, the process of urbanization is accelerating, the urban population is increasing, and the population from rural areas is flowing into the city.

4. Long-term family planning policy, the long-term family planning policy restricts the growth of the population, but it will lead to problems such as population aging and gender imbalance.