To find the disadvantages of genetic engineering, it is better to have examples also in English if

Genetic engineering.

Genetic engineering, also known as gene splicing technology and DNA recombination technology, refers to the use of molecular genetics as the theoretical basis, with the modern methods of molecular biology and microbiology as a means, different genes according to the pre-designed blueprint, in vitro construction of hybrid DNA molecules, and then into living cells, in order to change the genetic characteristics of the original limbs of organisms, obtain new varieties of history, and produce new products.

Genetic engineering involves cross-species and asexual amplification of exogenous genes into the cells of another different organism for propagation, and exogenous DNA can be amplified in large quantities and expressed at high levels in host cells.

Genetic engineering is a brand-new biotechnology science born in the 70s of the 20th century on the basis of the comprehensive development of molecular biology and molecular genetics. The progress made in genetic engineering in the 20th century was mainly manifested in genetically modified plants and animals and cloning technology. Genetically modified animals and plants are implanted with new genes that give plants and animals completely new traits that they did not have before.

In 1997, the first of the world's top ten scientific and technological breakthroughs was the birth of cloned sheep. The ewe, Dolly, was the first mammal to be produced through asexual reproduction, inheriting the genes of the ewe that gave it its nucleus. Genetic engineering has two important characteristics:

1. Exogenous nucleic acid molecules reproduce in different host organisms, which can cross the natural species barrier and place genes from any kind of organism into new organisms, and this organism can have no relationship with the original organism.

2. A small fragment of DNA is amplified in a new host cell, so that a very small amount of DNA sample is achieved"Copy"A large amount of DNA is produced, and it is a large number of absolutely pure DNA molecule populations that do not contaminate any other DNA sequences.

The advantages are numerous. Genetic engineering pervades modern biological research. With GE technology, we can produce an unlimited number of naturally extremely rare proteins.

We can explore the effects of mutations. We can make new drugs out of antibodies and fusion proteins. We can also replace petrochemical processes with more environmentally friendly ones; If you walk on a nylon rug, there's about a 50% chance that its material is grown, not distilled.

Most of this genetic engineering is essentially risk-free. Laboratory strains do not multiply well in the laboratory.

Pathogen engineering is clearly undesirable except in very specific circumstances. Such research should (and is) heavily regulated due to the risks involved. But even there, the chances of an accidental pandemic of some kind of "Andromeda strain" are slim to none.

Most of the controversy about genetic engineering revolves around the release of engineered organisms into the wild or engineering humans.

For engineered humans, forget most of the ideas that go into creating superhumans. We simply don't know how to do that. There are significant risks associated with all human engineering methods, which is why ethically they should only be used for serious genetic diseases or cancer.

Only then can the risks be offset by the possible benefits.

Engineering non-laboratory animals is a very new field, and much of the effort is either going into agriculture or trying to prevent disease by altering wild populations of disease vectors.

Perhaps the biggest controversy surrounding genetic engineering is engineered crop plants. To date, most engineered spinal fibrillations have benefited traders and growers, rather than end consumers, at least in a noticeable way. This has led to extreme stances on the genetic engineering of crops, even though it may have significant public health benefits, such as "**rice," which is designed to provide a vitamin A supplement to prevent blindness.

Genetic engineering has very real potential to help feed the world more efficiently and at less environmental cost.

The enemies of plant genetic engineering in crops pose many questions, some of which are true, but many of which are exaggerated. For example, the ghosts of engineered plants that are rampant like kudzu are often raised. It should be possible to develop a rational method for ranking the risks of specific engineering traits.

For example, deleting a gene is unlikely to lead to some dire outcomes because such deletions can easily occur in natural populations. Similarly, when such pathways are found in other plants, it is highly unlikely that engineered modifications in the production of flavor or flavor compounds will give engineered plants any particular selection advantage. On the other hand, it's hard not to argue that we should be cautious about engineering that affects reproductive success or any plant engineering that already has problems.

In January 2001, two researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, published an article in Nature, claiming that in six corn landrace samples collected in the Oaxaca region of southern Mexico, similar sequences of the ADHL gene in the CAMV35S promoter and Novortis BT 11 insect-resistant corn were found. Greenpeace has used this to make a big deal about the fact that Mexican corn has been "genetically contaminated", and even accused the gene pool of the Mexican Wheat and Corn Improvement Center for being "genetically contaminated". After the publication of the article, it was criticized by many scientists, pointing out that it has many errors in methodology.

The so-called 35S promoter was proved to be a false positive after re-examination. The ADHL gene in the so-called BT corn has been transferred to the local variety of Mexican maize, which is "Zhang Guan Li Dai". Because the gene sequence transferred into BT corn is the ADHL-S gene, and the author measured the ADHL-F gene that exists in the corn, the gene sequences of the two are completely different, which are two different things.

Apparently the authors did not compare the two sequences, nor did the reviewers and the Nature Department verify them. In this regard, the Ministry of Nature issued a statement, saying that "the evidence of this article is insufficient to prove its conclusion". The Mexican Wheat and Corn Improvement Center also issued a statement stating that no 35S promoters were found in any part of Mexico, after testing the germplasm bank and 152 materials collected from the field.

Mexico then mobilized the whole country to search for wild corn in the mountains, and it eventually recouped the losses and ensured the purity of the genes.

It is easy to cause environmental pollution. Unlike physical (radiation pollution) and chemical pollution (air pollution), this environmental pollution poses a threat to other organisms because the organisms that adopt genetic engineering have strong adaptability to the environment. These super-creatures, in turn, threaten the entire planet.

The English language for genetic engineering is as follows:

Genetic engineering, also known as gene splicing technology and DNA recombination technology, is based on molecular genetics as the theoretical basis, with the modern wandering methods of molecular biology and microbiology as a means to construct hybrid DNA molecules in vitro according to the pre-designed blueprint of different genes, and then introduce them into living cells to change the original genetic characteristics of organisms, obtain new varieties and produce new products. Genetic engineering technology provides a powerful means for the study of gene structure and function.

1. Genetic engineering may cause a wide range of ecological and environmental safety problems: 1. It may induce the destruction of the complete food chain of the food chain; 2. It may cause genetic contamination.

2. The threat of genetic engineering to human health: 1. Immunity problems, Transkaiming gene biology and its products may reduce the immunity of animals and even humans, thereby affecting the health, safety and even survival of animals and humans; 2. The problem of drug resistance, in the process of transgenic, in order to detect the success of the transgenic test, the specific antibiotic resistance residue gene is often used as a marker gene, and after eating food containing this marker gene, its resistance such as Sun Zi gene has a certain probability of being transferred to bacteria, so that bacteria have drug resistance.