What is going on with the bronze casters of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Another type of large-scale stone carvings during the Northern and Southern Dynasties was the group of stone carvings on the ground of the mausoleum. The surviving works are mainly 31 stone carving groups distributed in the tombs of the emperors and princes of the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties in Nanjing and its vicinity. The combination is a pair of stone beasts, stone pillars and stone tablets.

The stone beast placed in front of the emperor's tomb has horns, called Tianlu or unicorn; The stone beast in front of the tomb of the prince has no horns, which is called to ward off evil spirits. Its shape comes out of the large stone beast in front of the tomb of the Han Dynasty, and tends to be vigorous and gorgeous. The beast marches in a marching posture with a long neck and a tilted head, and its image forms a powerful S-shaped curve with its arched back.

The body has wings and has a smooth and ornate line carving pattern (see Southern Dynasty Mausoleum Stone Carvings). The stone carvings in front of the mausoleum of the Northern Dynasty were destroyed by later generations, and only the remnants of individual scribes remained. In addition, bricks and stones have been found in tombs in various parts of the north and south.

Several of the largest grottoes in China, such as the Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, etc., were excavated during this period. The atmosphere of creating grottoes is most prosperous in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The so-called gold caster is a popular method used to divinate good fortune among ethnic minorities since the Wei and Jin dynasties, and there is no way to test it. Let's try to speculate that the hand-cast gold man is not from the Tuoba Department, the Book of Jin once recorded that the king of Wu mourning, Ran Min, once sent Chang Wei to envoy Yan Guo, Murong Jun asked him: "I heard that Ran Min cast gold for his own image, bad but not successful, how can he say that there is a mandate of heaven?"

That is to say, as early as the Ran Wei era, the way of casting statues and asking the sky has begun to spread. The earliest record of the statue comes from Buddhism, legend has it that the king of Youchu once set up a holy statue for the Buddha, and when Huo went out of Longxi to fight against the Xiongnu in the Western Han Dynasty of China, he was the king of Xiu Tu when he sacrificed to the heavenly gold, according to which it is speculated that this tradition should be produced by the combination of grassland civilization and Buddhism, and prevailed in the later Zhao of the Shi family, inherited by the Tuoba Department, and was fixed as a system of the queen in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

It fully shows the majestic and serious temperament of the Buddha statue in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It also proves the evolution trend of Indian Buddhism being introduced to China and gradually sinicization. The statue is appropriately proportioned, perfectly matched with the whole, and solemn and fit.

The artistic technique of carving and casting is also very skillful, delicate, posture, jerk, vigorous and strongThick and silent but lively, the lines are simple and skillful, concise, it is the exemplary masterpiece of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It resembles convex breasts, concave waist.

The abdomen and buttocks are plump, reflecting feminine characteristics, and from the perspective of perspective, the lower body is slightly shorter and gradually closes and closes. A sad smile appeared on his face, his head was slightly sideways, his face was solemn, his nose was bridged, his eyebrows were high, his eyes were slender, and his lips were thin and his shoulders were broad. Short clothes show feet, folds are close-fitting, and clothing patterns are parallel, etc., which are the main characteristics of the statues at that time.

The vivid and clear imprint of history is convincingly found here, and the sturdy and sturdy body reflects the rough and bold image of the northern people at that time, with gorgeous decorations, oblique curved eyebrows, and the whole body wearing the chun, ring, fine beads, French skirts, etc., which look elegant, stretched, charming and gentle, yin and yang, complement each other. The statue combines the advanced Han people in the world at that time, traditional techniques, natural charm, and god shape. That is, neither Hu nor Han.

It is the holy deity that gave birth to the concept of the world, which can be described as "strange shapes and appearances, and different ways to Yixia, all of which are wonderful." "The right arm is stretched out and lowered to awaken and comfort sentient beings, and the left arm is bent at the elbow and the fingers are pinched as the Dharma seal. The crown of the five lotus on the top means that you can get the five wisdom Buddha fruits.

Bodhi Zhizhu between the eyebrows, the bright light shines on Cihang, and the earlobe is crutched through the wheel.

"Sushe Village Seal" indicates the origin and brand of the Bodhisattva statue, and sometimes represents the name of the craftsman who made it.

Guanyin, formerly known as Guanyin, is the Zuo Xie Bodhisattva of Amitabha Buddha in Buddhism, and is sexless. According to the "Sadness Sutra", Guanyin was originally the son of the Wheel King, named Buxu. Together with his father, he followed Shakyamuni as a monk and vowed to "eliminate all the sufferings of sentient beings."

Suffering beings, as long as I recite my name with all my heart, I can immediately observe their voices and help them get out of the sea of suffering. Shakyamuni was moved by his determination and personally gave him a memory: "Good man, you must save all sentient beings in the Three Evil Realms, cut off the afflictions of sentient beings, and make them reborn in a happy land.

Good man! I'll name you Guanyin."

It is said that the original artistic form of Guanyin was a pair of cute twin foals in ancient Indian Brahmanism, so it is also called "two horse boy gods" After the emergence of Buddhism, its artistic image became a foal, the name "horse head Guanyin", a bodhisattva with a kind eyebrow. Later, it was personified and presented as a powerful male figure. After being introduced into China from India, it was still a male appearance for a period of time, such as the bronze statue of Guanyin Bodhisattva unearthed in Pingquan, Hebei Province during the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the image is rough and mighty, and the clothes are simple.

But why did he become a woman later?

One theory is that after Tang Taizong became the emperor, the true dragon son of heaven was unique, and the image of Guanyin changed from male to female. It is also said that because the word "Shi" in his name is the same as the name of the emperor, it was deleted and renamed Guanyin. Another view is that the disguise of Guanyin is more dependent on people's aesthetic preferences at that time.

According to the Standing Dharma, Avalokiteshvara has 32 kinds of incarnations, including some female bodies. Avalokiteshvara is a language that allows for the change of gender and identity. Therefore, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people had begun to give their favorite female beauty to Guanyin Bodhisattva, who they admired in their hearts, and the female Guanyin gradually appeared in the temple.

In the Tang Dynasty, the status of women in society was increasing day by day, and the artist transplanted his love for women to the statue of Guanyin, which was fixed as a female image with graceful posture, charming demeanor, gorgeous costumes, and full of charm. Guanyin usually sits on the lotus with his feet on his feet, holding a net bottle in his left hand and a willow branch in his right hand, smiling, as if he is rushing to spread the bottle to the world and bring happiness to mankind.

I think the relocation of the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty to Luoyang reflects the pursuit of fashion by the imperial court at that time! It's like the current young people catching up with the trend. It should have promoted the exchange and integration of cultural groups between the north and the south!

Promote national unity! As for the economy, it can only be said that it has promoted the development of the economy. It's like importing an American ipone to China and selling it!

Everybody gets the benefits!

Further sinicization! Entered the Central Plains and farmed.

Hello, the bronze Buddha statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty have been handed down really little, and the size is very small, generally the bench Buddha, standing on the bench, the quality is very poor, now see most of the fake, and the size is large, if the real ** is more expensive, but the quality is generally not good, although the number is small, ** accurate is not easy to say, antiques this thing mainly depends on the person who buys,

After the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty (310), after the war and destruction of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the people died in the military revolution and died of famine, and less than 50% of the population survived. The Central Plains region is a scene of decay. After the unification of the north by the Northern Wei Dynasty, through the long-term hard work and common struggle of the people of all nationalities, the relations of production were adjusted and production developed significantly.

Especially after the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the number of self-cultivated farmers increased significantly, and before Emperor Xiaoming Zhengguang, the number of households in the country had reached more than 5 million, more than double that of the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty. There has been a significant development in agriculture and handicrafts. "Luoyang Jialanji" said that the people in the late Northern Wei Dynasty were rich, and they were happy and happy, and their food and clothing were guaranteed.

In terms of handicrafts, there were new achievements in steelmaking technology in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, and Xiangzhou Zhikouye (in present-day Anyang, Henan) made sharp steel knives. Commerce has also gradually become active, and before Taihe, commerce in the north was almost at a standstill, and money and goods were not circulating. During the time of Emperor Xiaowen, Yuan Shu was the Taishou of Hedong, and many local people abandoned agriculture and business.

With the development of commerce, the currency resumed circulation, and in the nineteenth year of Taihe, the "Taihe Five Baht" money was re-minted, and it was stipulated that this money could be passed in Beijing and all the prefectures and towns across the country. During the reign of Emperor Xuanwu, Luoyang's commerce was quite prosperous and it became an international commercial city.

According to the population survey of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 520 AD, there were about 5 million households and 30 million inhabitants in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

I haven't seen this set of drinking utensils, and I don't know if it's from that era, so I have to ask people in this area to take a look at it to know that this set of drinking utensils is from that era.

I haven't seen this set of barware, but it seems to be well made.

Don't think about making money, if you like it, keep it in mind.

I want to ask what age this drinking ware is, I suggest you send her **, and then let people see it.

You didn't release the specific ** of your set of drinking utensils, no one can know what your drinking utensils look like, and what your own payment looks like.

This friend. You only tell the wine utensils, but you don't show them to us, so there is no way to show you what age it is.

This set of wine has been seen by the teacher, what age is it? We didn't see the picture, it's hard to say, you post the appearance on the Internet, and everyone can help you identify it.

I haven't seen this set of drinking utensils, you can look for it, and someone who understands this will help you see what era it is? Is it collectible?

Did you say that this set of wine has been seen by the teacher? What era is it? Why don't you send a picture? How do we see it without a picture? We can't see anything, so I'm sorry we can't answer.

It should be said that a lot of wine will be labeled with his gifts, okay? If you don't post the year, some masters may know it, but it shouldn't work when you look at it.

This set of barware. I've seen it. Probably in the last century. 70's.

I think this set of drinking utensils you are talking about is very historic. He must have been from the Qing Dynasty. You also have to consult the relevant experts in this area for identification.

Okay, this nine-game is still very historical and can be used to improve people's quality of life.

This set of drinking utensils has been used by the teacher in 1840 at the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Please send the ** of the wine utensils, maybe some netizens are experts in this area and can help you.

I think this set of drinking utensils should be the end of the Qing Dynasty or the national period.

I really haven't seen this set of wine masters, I haven't seen it, I haven't seen it, and I don't know what era it is, and I can't talk about what age it is.

This wine set is really, and it looks antique. The Tang Dynasty that I look at people should be the Tang Dynasty.

What are you talking about? I didn't see the picture at all, you can take a look at it on a relatively clear picture, someone should know it. There is no picture and no truth, as long as there is a picture, you can find the correct answer.

I can only say that I haven't seen it, because you don't have a verbal description or a **, and we don't know what your set of drinking utensils looks like.

Please send this set of drinking utensils,**or** to the Internet to identify which dynasty it belongs to?