What are the similarities and differences between the vertical angle measurement principle and the h

The measurement of the horizontal angle only needs to be aligned and leveled, no need to adjust the vertical leveling tube, no horizontal braking, it is through a dihedral angle.

the form of measuring the horizontal angle; To measure the vertical angle, it is necessary to adjust the vertical horizontal tube, and also to brake horizontally, and measure the angle by turning the lens vertically.

Definition: The horizontal angle is the plane projection of the angle composed of three objects in space;

A vertical angle is the angle at which the angles of two objects in space are projected into a vertical plane.

Observation principle: the horizontal angle is to use a professional instrument with a horizontal dial, the instrument is set up on a target, first according to a target to read a degree, and then to another target to read the data, two data subtraction to obtain the horizontal angle.

The vertical angle is to use a professional instrument with a vertical dial, and the instrument is set up on a target to read a degree according to another target, and then the height difference between the two targets is calculated by mathematical trigonometry according to this degree.

The vertical angle is the angle between the line of sight and the horizontal line, the elevation angle is positive, and the depression angle is negative. When the line of sight is level, whether it is the left or right disk, the vertical disk reading is a fixed number, that is, an integer multiple of 90°. But what exactly this number is, you must find out before measuring the vertical angle, and the specific method is as follows:

Place the telescope in a roughly horizontal position and observe a reading.

In our math learning process, we will learn right, acute and obtuse angles.

First of all, we need to know that there is a certain difference between the horizontal angle and the vertical angle, and at the same time, there is a certain similarity, to know the azimuth angle.

It is widely used in some other things such as surveying and mapping, geology and geophysical exploration, and different azimuth angles can also be converted to each other, to know that any angle is composed of two directions, especially in the measurement of horizontal angles, which constitutes the difference between the horizontal readings of the two directions, that is, the vertical angle of its horizontal angle is the difference between the readings of the vertical disk in the two directions, and it can be seen that the most intuitive difference between the horizontal angle and the vertical angle is that the measurement place is different, and the horizontal angle is mainly the reading of the measurement level. Whereas, the vertical angle measures the vertical disc reading. However, it is important to know that one of the directions that constitutes the vertical angle is the horizontal line, whether it is the vertical dial or the left side of the disk or the disk, and when the line of sight is level, the reading is at a fixed value, so when measuring the value angle, in fact, you only need to read the reading of the vertical disk that is aimed at the target.

It can be seen from this that the higher the education, the more profound the things learned, in the process of primary school, we only learned the right angle obtuse angle and Senpi play the acute angle, in junior high school to learn the flat angle, and then to the higher education can learn the horizontal angle and vertical angle, so in life we must improve their academic qualifications, only the higher the education, then we learn the more esoteric things will be, we can also study according to the topics we are interested in**.

Finally, no matter what we learn, we need to pay a certain amount of effort and time, if we can't put in effort and time, then the impact on ourselves is still very large, so in life we are interested in something, we must work harder.

We must know that there is a certain difference between the horizontal angle and the vertical angle, and there is also a certain similarity, we must know that the azimuth angle is widely used in some other things such as surveying and mapping geology and geophysical beam surveying, and different azimuth angles can also be converted to each other, to know that any angle is composed of two directions, especially in the measurement of the horizontal angle, the horizontal reading difference between the two directions, that is, the vertical angle of the horizontal angle is the difference between the vertical readings of the two directions. It can be seen that the most intuitive difference between the horizontal angle and the vertical angle is the difference in the place of measurement, the horizontal angle is mainly to measure the horizontal reading, and the vertical angle is to measure the vertical plate reading. However, it is important to know that one of the directions that constitutes the vertical angle is the horizontal line lead slag, whether it is the vertical dial or the left side of the disc or the disk, and when the line of sight is level, the reading is at a fixed value, so when measuring the numerical angle, in fact, you only need to read the vertical disc reading that is aimed at the target.

The similarities are that the angle of observation is the same, the method of observation is the same, the process of observation is the same, and the operation of the observation process is the same, but the difference is that the results observed by E-eda are different, the proportion of observations is different, the observed impact is different, and the observed influence is different.

The measuring tools used are different, and when measuring the horizontal angle, we only need to have a balancer to be able to Pan Linghong, but if Brother Wang is vertically angled, we need the corresponding tools, the same point is that the tools they use are all measuring tools, and they will also use each other under normal circumstances.

<> horizontal angle is the dihedral angle projected on the horizontal plane of the direction line from the survey site to the two targets.

In the measurement, the actual observation angle on the ground is projected on the horizontal dial of the goniometric instrument, and then the horizontal angle value is calculated according to the dial reading. It is to calculate the side length and azimuth angle.

and the main observational measurements of point coordinates. The horizontal angle is measured in a clockwise direction from 0 360 degrees on the horizontal plane.

The principle of leveling is the use of a level.

The horizontal line of sight provided is read on a level ruler erected on the two points where the height difference is to be determined, and the height difference is calculated based on the readings.

From the zero point of the elevation of the tide gauge station, the elevation of the level origin set up near the tide gauge station is determined by the method of leveling, which is used as the starting point of the national elevation control network. I search it from the origin of the national level and use it.

The first, second, third, and fourth level measurement and measurement are arranged at all level points throughout the country.

The first and second level measurement is called precision level measurement, which is the backbone of the national elevation control network, and the third and fourth level networks are all over the country, and the above are collectively called national level points. On the basis of the national leveling point, the engineering leveling or surveying is carried out for each project construction or the root leveling is carried out for the topographic map surveying and mapping, and the same city is the ordinary leveling survey.

<>1. Round-trip: The round-up method is suitable for observing the horizontal angle between only two directions, theodolite.

Hail Hu is placed on the measuring station, and the horizontal angle observation is carried out according to the following steps after the center leveling;

2. Directional observation method: The directional observation method, also known as the full circle rounding method, is suitable for observing more than two targets at one station. Unlike the round-up method, the directional observation method observes each direction in turn after each half-round, and finally returns to the beginning of the observation to read the reading.

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Principle of horizontal angle measurement.

Horizontal angle: The angle between two spatial straight lines projected on the horizontal plane from a point is the dihedral angle, which is called the horizontal angle. Its scope:

0° 360° clockwise, usually denoted by . As shown in the figure, a, o, b are any three points on the ground, and three points are projected on the horizontal plane h along the plumb line direction, and the corresponding a, o, b points are obtained, then the angle on the horizontal plane is the horizontal angle between the two direction lines of the ground oa, ob.

From this, it can be seen that the conditions that should be met by the instrument for measuring the horizontal angle are: (1) there is a horizontally placed disc with a clockwise 0° 360° scale on the disk. (2) The center of the disc is on the plumb line of the angular vertex o.

3) There should be a telescope that can aim at the target, and the telescope should be able to rotate not only in the horizontal plane, but also in the vertical plane.

Through the telescope, you can aim at different targets A and B at high and low and near respectively, and you can get corresponding readings A and B on the diskThen the horizontal angle is the difference between the two readings. i.e.: =b a

1 x09 rounding method for measuring horizontal angles (for only two directions of observation on one station).

1) Place the theodolite at point O, and the left position of the disk (when the eyepiece is facing the observer, the vertical disk is located on the left side of the telescope) aim at the left target point A and read the horizontal dial reading A left (0 ° 02 48); For ease of calculation, the reading of the starting target was adjusted to 0 ° 00'Neighborhood.

2) Release the brake spiral of the alignment department, aim at the right target point B, and read the horizontal dial reading B left (81 ° 34 24).

Then the value of the upper half of the return angle obtained from the left position of the disk is:

Left = B Left A Left = 81 ° 34 24 0 ° 02 48 = 81 ° 31 36

The observation made on the left side of the disk is called the upper half of the round.

3) Rotate the telescope into the right position of the disk in the vertical plane (the vertical disk is on the right side of the telescope), aim at the right target point b again, and read the horizontal dial reading b right (261 ° 33 54).

4) Aim at the left target point A again on the right side of the disk, and read the horizontal dial reading A right (180°02 30).

Then the lower half of the return angle value obtained from the right position of the disk is.

Right = B Right A Right = 261°33 54 180°02 30 81°312 24

Observations made on the right side of the disk are called lower half rounding. The upper and lower halves of the test are called a round.

The horizontal angle can be observed at the left and right positions of the disk, which can offset the influence of instrument error on the angle measurement, and at the same time, it can also check whether there are errors in the observation.

Accuracy requirements: for DJ6 optical theodolite, the difference between left and right does not exceed 30, and for DJ2 optical theodolite, if the difference between left and right does not exceed 15

Conclusion: The average value of the upper and lower halves can be taken as the final result, i.e.:

1 2) (Left + Right) = (1 2) (81°31.)'36"+81°31'24")=81°31'30"

The rounding method is a commonly used method of horizontal angle measurement in construction surveying.

1. Place the theodolite at point O, and aim at the left target A to get the reading A left (0°02 48); For ease of calculation, the reading of the starting target was adjusted to 0 ° 00'Neighborhood.

2. Release the brake screw of the alignment department, aim at the right target B, and get the reading B left (81 ° 34 24); Then the upper half of the gyration angle obtained from the left position of the disk is: left = b left a left limb bi = 81 ° 34 24 0 ° 02 48 = 81 ° 31 36

3. Rotate the telescope into the right position of the vertical plane (the vertical disk is on the right side of the telescope), aim at the right target B again, and get the reading B right (261 ° 33 54).