What was the rise and fall of the Kipchak Khanate?

In 1236 A.D., the armies marched westward and attacked Briar, which was located in the middle reaches of the Volga River, and the general Subutai conquered Briar. In 1237, the Mongol armies attacked Kipchak, and Möngke beheaded his general, Bachiman, and the area north of the Caspian Sea was occupied by the Mongol army. Batu led an army to invade Russia, capturing 14 cities including Ryazan and Moscow at the end of 1237, Vladimir in February 1238, and Kiev the following year.

In 1240 AD, the Mongol army attacked Poreel and Magyars. In April 1241, the Mongol army captured Krakow, Rignica and other cities, and plundered Moravia and other places. Batu defeated the Magyars, the king fled, and the Mongol army plundered the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and southern Europe.

At the end of the year, news of Ogedei's death reached the army, and Batu led his army from the Balkans to the Volga Valley. Batu led his headquarters to use Salai as his capital and established the Kipchak Khanate on the banks of the Volga River.

In the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu proposed to let the princes guard 2,000 stones, each choose the sages within their jurisdiction, and choose two to recommend to the imperial court every year. In the first year of Yuanguang (134 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an order to the whole country that each county should raise filial piety and honesty.

The Jochi Ulus, known as the "Golden Horde", is also known as the Kipchak Khanate, and the Mongolian literature and history books call it "Jochi in the Ulus".

In 1225, Genghis Khan divided the fiefdoms of his four sons. The fiefdom of the eldest son, Jochi, was west of the Irtysh River and north of Khorezm (including the Irtysh River basin and the Altai Mountains), and Jochi's Erdo (palace) was located in the Irtysh River valley.

In 1236, Jochi's second son, Batu, commanded the "army of the eldest sons" to the west, and by 1240 he had conquered the Kipchak steppe, the Crimea, the Caucasus (to Tarban), Bulgaria, the Volga and Oka regions, and the Rus' principalities in the Dnieper Valley. This vast area conquered became the Ulus of Batu and from 1242 onwards became known as the "Kipchak Khanate". The boundaries of the Khanate roughly included:

From the west of the Irtysh River in the east, to the Dnieper River in the west, from Lake Balkhash, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea in the south, including the North Caucasus and the northern part of Khorezm and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya River, and to the north near the Arctic Circle. Batu made the Volga region his political center and established the capital city of Sarai (near present-day Astrakhan) at the entrance. The Rus' principalities were vassal with the Kipchak Khanate.

In 1259, Möngke Khan died, Alibuge was elected as the Great Khan by most of the Mongolian nobles in Mobei, and in 1260, Kublai Khan was proclaimed emperor in Kaiping in Monan, and launched a war against Alibuge, the ** regime of the Mongol Empire ceased to exist, and the Golden Horde became a completely independent state.

The Golden Horde was a vast and complex confederation of ethnic groups, among which the Mongols, who were the conquering nations, were very few in number. Southeastern Europe, especially the Kipchak steppe, is where the Kipchaks live. The population of the Khanate was mainly Kipchaks, Bulgars, Khorezmians, and other Turkic ethnic groups, especially the Kipchaks and Turkmens.

Since the Mongols, the ruling ethnic group, were a minority (about tens of thousands), they were gradually assimilated by a large number of surrounding Turkic tribes, such as Kipchaks and Turks, and by the early 14th century, the process of Turkicization was completed, and Turkic and Turkic languages became the lingua franca and script of the khanate.

In addition, the economic development of the Khanate varied from place to place, with the Kipchaks in the initial stage of feudal production relations, most of whom lived a nomadic life, and only a few moved to settle in the lower reaches of the Don and Volga rivers; Crimea and Bolgar entered a period of development of feudal production relations; Khorat Mould has highly developed agricultural technology and lives an urbanized settled life; The Crimea, with its coastal cities, was well developed in commerce, leading to Asia Minor and Constantinople, all the way to Syria and Egypt; Bolgar was an agrarian country and was the main grain producer of the Golden Horde.

The territory of the Kipchak Khanate was vast, stretching from the western part of the Irtysh River in the east, to the northwestern part of Oros (present-day Russia) and Ukraine, the lower reaches of the Danube, to the western part of Lake Balkhash, the northern Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and northwestern Turkmenistan, and to the vast expanse near the Arctic Circle (including Novgorod) in the north.