What is Montesquieu s biography?

Charles-Louis Montesquieu.

1689-1755) was a French bourgeoisie in the 18th century.

One of the main exponents of the moderate school of Enlightenment thinkers, a representative of the classical school of natural law, bourgeois legal theory and the "separation of powers."

The founder of the doctrine.

Montesquieu was born in 1089 into an aristocratic family near Bordeaux, France. His grandfather was president of the Bordeaux parliament, and his father served in the military. Montesquieu lost his mother at an early age. Studied in Yuri.

College and University of Bordeaux, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in law at the age of 19 and worked as a lecturer. In 1715 he married Inn de La Trigue, the daughter of a wealthy officer. The following year, he succeeded his uncle as President of the Bordeaux Assembly (i.e. President of the Bordeaux Court).

But then he sold out his hereditary position, gained a fortune, and in 1928 entered the Collège de France, where he embarked on a long academic trip. He traveled extensively in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, England and other countries, and was elected a member of the Académie Française, a member of the Royal Society of England, and a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin. In 1721, Montesquieu published the Persian Letters under the pseudonym "Pol Mado".

a book. In his book, he pretended to be a correspondence between two Persian nobles during their travels in Europe, and relentlessly attacked the feudal rule of France at the time. After the book was published, it became so popular that Montesquieu became a national figure.

After returning to China in 1931, he engaged in writing behind closed doors. In 1734, he published The Causes of the Rise and Fall of Rome

In 1748, Montesquieu completed his magnum opus, On the Spirit of Law, which took 20 years to complete after a long period of research

Came out. After the publication of "On the Spirit of the Law", it caused a sensation throughout the country, and at the same time, it was also fiercely attacked by feudal forces such as the church. He is also the author of "On the Defense and Interpretation of the Spirit of the Law" and "On the Monarchy in General."

On February 19, 1755, Montesquieu died of illness in Paris at the age of 66.

Although Montesquieu was an aristocrat, he was the first French thinker to openly criticize feudal rule, breaking with the idea of "divine monarchy." It is believed that the people should enjoy religious and political self-sufficiency. It was considered that determining the spirit and content of the law was essential to each country.

The means of ensuring the rule of law is the separation of powers, that is, the legislative, executive and judicial powers belong to three different state organs, and the three check each other and balance their powers.

The doctrine of separation of powers had a major impact on the formulation of the U.S. Constitution of 1787 to the French Constitution of 1795 and the Prussian Code of 1792, and completely denied the three cornerstones of French society at that time: the Church Congress and the aristocratic Tonko.

By Tocqueville, of course, he meant ancient China, at least pre-eighteenth-century China. At that time, Europe was confined to the travelogues of Marco Polo and the observations of European missionaries in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and their discussions about China were often unrealistic.

And the most "useful" of his remarks to the Chinese is the French Enlightenment scholar Voltaire (1694 1778), although he stated that "we should not blindly worship the strengths of the Chinese", however, he has a "proviso", and even gave China many laurels, "Their imperial form of government is actually the best, the only empire in the world built entirely according to patriarchy (this does not prevent China's ** from scolding their children), They are also the only country in the world where the governor of a province is punished if he does not win the praise of his people when he leaves office;

It is the only country in the world that rewards virtue ,......It is also the only country in the world that can enable invaders to adopt their laws,......Impressions of China: World Celebrities on Chinese Culture, Guangxi Normal University Press, 2001, pp. 64-65) One "most" and three "only", this kind of praise was that the Chinese at that time were probably embarrassed to "laugh".