The relationship between commodity circulation and commodity exchange

Commodity circulation refers to the transfer process of goods or services from the field of production to the field of consumption, relative to the concept of commerce, the concept of commodity circulation has been greatly extended, and it has risen from the concept of the past industry to the concept of industry, and has become the basic industry and leading part of the tertiary industry, including transportation, post and telecommunications industry, domestic commerce, foreign industry, catering industry, material supply and marketing industry, warehousing industry, etc.

Commodity exchange is an economic behavior in which commodity owners voluntarily transfer the ownership of commodities to each other in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange. The process by which the owners of goods transfer use value and realize value to each other.

Both are definitions of commodities, but the former emphasizes the "process" from production to consumption, while the latter emphasizes "exchange".

Commodity circulation refers to the process of transferring goods or services from the field of production to the field of consumption, including the flow of commerce, logistics and information. Compared with the concept of commerce, the concept of commodity circulation has been greatly extended, and it has risen from the concept of the past industry to the concept of industry, and has become the basic industry and leading component of the tertiary industry, including transportation, post and telecommunications, domestic commerce, foreign industry, catering industry, material supply and marketing industry, warehousing industry, etc.

Commodity exchange is an economic behavior in which commodity owners voluntarily transfer the ownership of commodities to each other in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange.

It can be said that commodity circulation is a process of transition from the field of production to the field of consumption, and commodity exchange is only the pure circulation of commodities in the field of consumption, for example, you use something to exchange with others for an item that is more valuable to you, and for example, you use commodity money to buy a piece of clothing - because money is also a commodity, but it is later separated and used as a general equivalent. Therefore, the relationship between the two should be that the scope of commodity circulation is larger than commodity exchange, and commodity circulation includes commodity exchange, but commodity exchange is only a way in commodity circulation.

1 Development of commodity exchange.

From the perspective of historical development, commodity exchange has gone through three stages of development, namely, barter, commodity exchange with money as the medium, and commodity exchange with commerce as the medium.

1) Barter (w--w). This is the first commodity exchange of human beings, which is manifested as a direct barter, that is, a direct form of commodity exchange. Barter has great limitations (it must be carried out one-to-one between supply and demand), and these limitations bring great inconvenience to the exchange and limit the development of commodity exchange.

2) The exchange of goods with money as the medium (w--g--w). With the development of commodity exchange and commodity production, the variety and quantity of products entering the exchange process are constantly increasing, and objectively one is needed"The third commodity"to mediate the exchange of two goods. This"The third commodity"It can be used as a general equivalent of all goods, and the commodity exchange passes"The third commodity"so that the exchange of goods by"Directly"Transformed into"Indirect", i.e., an indirect form of commodity exchange.

This"The third commodity"That is, the general equivalent was shells and so on at the beginning, and later *** gold and silver acted as the general equivalent, that is, currency. The emergence of the commodity exchange form with money as the medium is a revolution in the commodity exchange process, which solves the difficulty of barter, breaks through the time and space limitations of exchange, and the two sides of commodity exchange can carry out exchange activities at different times and places; It promotes horizontal economic ties, expands the temporal and spatial scope of commodity exchange, and creates conditions for the further development of commodity production and commodity exchange.

Commodity circulation: refers to the transfer process of goods or services from the field of production to the field of consumption, relative to the concept of commerce, the concept of commodity circulation has been greatly extended, and it has risen from the concept of the past industry to the concept of industry, and has become the basic industry and the leading part of the tertiary industry, including the transportation industry, post and telecommunications industry, domestic commerce, foreign industry, catering industry, material supply and marketing industry, warehousing industry, etc.

Barter: Bartering without the medium of money. It is the direct exchange of material products between different producers to meet the different needs of different producers, which is the original primitive form of exchange.

Difference: Direct barter is an early commodity exchange, which is a direct exchange between things, and its formula is commodity-commodity, and commodity circulation refers to the exchange of goods with money as the medium. The buying and selling of direct bartering is carried out at the same time, and both parties can make a deal as long as they are satisfied, while the buying and selling of commodities are separated in time and space.

The difference between the two lies in the formula, the time of generation, the time of buying and selling, the medium of exchange and other aspects, which can be summarized as follows:

1. From the perspective of the two formulas, the direct barter is the early commodity exchange, which is manifested as the direct exchange of things and things, and its formula is to exchange commodities for commodities, and commodity circulation refers to the exchange of commodities with money as the medium, that is, the exchange of commodities needs to be realized through money.

2. From the point of view of the time when the two are generated, the direct barter is generally before the creation of money, while the circulation of commodities is after the generation of money.

3. From the perspective of the buying and selling relationship between the two, the buying and selling relationship of direct barter is carried out at the same time, while the buying and selling relationship of commodity circulation is separated in time and space.

4. From the handover.

1. Commodity circulation is to raise the concept of the past industry to the concept of industry, and become the basic industry and leading component of the tertiary industry, including transportation, post and telecommunications industry, domestic commerce, foreign industry, catering industry, material supply and marketing industry, warehousing industry, etc. The barter is the history of human use of money, which arose from the earliest era of material exchange. In primitive societies, people bartered for the goods they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe.

However, sometimes due to the limitations of the type of goods used for exchange, it is necessary to find an item that can be accepted by both parties to the exchange.

2. Commodity circulation is a continuous commodity exchange with money as the medium. If the commodity production process is the unity of the labor process and the value formation process, then the commodity circulation process is the unity of value realization and use value substitution, and it is also the unity of the commodity value circulation process and the commodity entity circulation process. Bartering, on the other hand, is the use of barter to exchange the goods you need, such as a sheep for a stone axe.

Items that were not easily available in large quantities, such as livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, precious stones, sand gold, and stones, were all used as currency.