During the period of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, there were many wars, how did the

Speaking of the "Four Great Academies", in fact, it has always been controversial which four academies are specifically referred to. At present, most scholars believe that there is no dispute that the three academies of Yingtianfu Academy, Yuelu Academy, and Bailudong Academy belong to the four major academies, but the fourth academy is controversial, some people think that it should be Songyang Academy, and some people think that it is Shigu Academy.

1. Yingtian Academy:Yingtianfu Academy, also known as Suiyang Academy, Nanjing Academy, Nandu Academy, and Nanjing Guozijian, is located on the south lake of the ancient city of Shangqiu, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province. This academy was founded by the great Confucian Yang Wei in the Jin Dynasty after the fifth dynasty, and entered the development of its students, and in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the students of Suiyang Academy participated in the imperial examination, and the number of people who ascended to the top reached as many as fifty or sixty, so we can imagine the prosperity of Suiyang Academy at that time.

2. Yuelu Academy:Yuelu Academy is located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain in today's Changsha City, Hunan Province, hence its name. During the Five Dynasties period, Zhi Xuan and other two monks gave lectures here and initially formed the prototype of the academy, and later Tanzhou Taishou Zhudong officially founded the Yuelu Academy.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the great Confucian Zhu Xi and Zhang Yan discussed their studies here, and the academic status and popularity of Yuelu Academy were greatly improved.

3. White Deer Cave Academy:Bailudong Academy, located at the southern foot of the five old peaks of Lushan Mountain, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province today. Founded in the Shengyuan period of the Southern Tang Dynasty, it is the only national government school established by the ** regime outside the capital in Chinese history, and the White Deer Cave Academy was once known as "the first of the four major academies in China".

Wang Zhenbai, a famous poet of the late Tang Dynasty and the fifth dynasty, wrote two poems "Two Songs of the White Deer Cave" to record his reading life. It's not the Taoist who comes to laugh, Zhou Qing Kong Si is pursuing.

4. Stone Drum Academy:It is located on Shigu Mountain, Shigu District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province. During the Song Dynasty, cultural undertakings were extremely prosperous, and private lectures became a fashion for a while.

Su Shi, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi, and Zhang Yan have all lectured here. Hengyang Academy, like many other buildings in China, was destroyed by Japanese artillery fire during the Sino-Japanese War.

In 1998, the State Post Bureau held the first stamp issuance ceremony of the "Four Academies" in Shangqiu, among which the selected academies were "Yingtian Academy, Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, and Songyang Academy". The main reason why the Shigu Academy was not selected this time was that it was destroyed in the war during the Anti-Japanese War, and when the experts and scholars went to the Shigu Academy for field investigations, there were only the ruins of the mountains and rocks, and the academy was not seen, so the Songyang Academy was reselected.

Originally, the four major academies were fine, but the world was not peaceful, and the four major academies were destroyed.

In the heyday, people liked to read, but in times of war, books were useless and declined.

According to the events of the time, some of the rebellious people would not go out of their way to destroy the seowon, but the seowon would shrink its own system.

It was because of the war that the four major academies have been in decline since then.

There were as many as fifty or sixty people who ascended to the top, so you can imagine the prosperity of Suiyang Academy at that time.

The main reason why the Shigu Academy was not chosen was that it was destroyed during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.

Among them, the selected academies are "Yingtian Academy, Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, and Songyang Academy.

During the Tang Dynasty, there were too many participants in the imperial examinations, and the four major academies arose, and later wars broke out, and they were also implicated.

1. The four major academies of the Northern Song Dynasty are Hengyang Shigu Academy, Jiangxi Lushan Bailudong Academy, Hunan Changsha Yuelu Academy, and Henan Shangqiu Yingtian Academy.

2. Shigu Shu destroyed and renovated Wang Xianzi Courtyard as the first of the four major academies of the Northern Song Dynasty, located in Shigu District, Hengyang City, a national historical and cultural city and the second largest city in Hunan Province, with an altitude of 69 meters and an area of 4,000 square meters.

3. Bai Jianhui Ludong Academy is one of the four major academies in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is located in Jiangxi Province, Lushan Wulao Peak at the south foot of Houping Mountain (in the territory of Bailu Town, Xingzi County), there is Zuoyi Mountain in the west, Zhuoer Mountain in the south, three mountains ring Taiwan, a water (Guandao River) in the middle stream, no noise of the market, there is the victory of spring stone. The mountainous area of the hospital is 3,000 acres, and the construction area is 3,800 square meters.

The White Deer Cave is surrounded by four mountains, looking down like a hole, so it is named.

4. Yuelu Academy is located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain, the last peak of the 72 peaks of Nanyue Heng Mountain. Yuelu Academy was founded in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (973), Zhu Dong served as the Taishou of Tanzhou with Shangshu, and in view of the numerous temples and nunnery under the Huangdong in Yuelu Mountain in Changsha, Hunan, he accepted Liu Ao's suggestion and established the Yuelu Academy on the basis of the original school established by monks.

5. Yingtian Academy, also known as Suiyang Academy and Nanjing Academy. It is located in the south of Shangqiu County. Because Shangqiu was called Suiyang in the Tang Dynasty, Jingde of the Northern Song Dynasty was promoted to Yingtianfu in the third year (1006), and Dazhong Xiangfu was upgraded to Nanjing in the seventh year (1014), which was one of the four capitals at that time.

Shangqiu is on the verge of Bianshui, convenient transportation, business travel, since the Sui and Tang dynasties, has developed into a metropolis. The Ying Tianfu Academy of the Song Dynasty was set up in the bustling city of Shangqiu.

There are many reasons for the rise of academies in the late Tang Dynasty: government incentives, social and economic development.

Analysis of the reasons for the rise of the academy

The name of the academy originated in the Tang Dynasty and is an important form of educational organization in China's feudal society since the Tang Dynasty. There are two types of places called academies, one is an institution set up by **** that is mainly used for collecting, proofreading and sorting out books, such as the familiar Jixiandian Academy.

The other is a place set up by the people mainly for individuals to study and study, and such academies are often named directly after the name of the individual or the name of the place.

The activities of teaching and lecturing generally appeared in privately established academies, but at that time the number was very small, the scale was not very large, and there were no systematic rules and regulations, but it can be said that it was the germ of a new and important form of educational organization in Chinese feudal society. The available information shows that the academies engaged in apprenticeship and teaching sprouted in the Tang Dynasty for the following three reasons.

The first disadvantage was Qinxian, due to the decline of official learning, scholars dropped out of school. The Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline after the Anshi Rebellion, which seriously endangered school education, and the government school declined day by day, and a large number of scholars dropped out of school. As a result, a wave of studious people built houses and books to study in secluded and safe mountain and forest scenic spots.

Therefore, the decline of government and academic institutions and social turmoil are the direct causes of the germination of the academy.

Secondly, our country has a long tradition of private lecturing. As early as the Spring and Autumn War Rent Senbi Kingdom, private education was an important form of educational organization. During the Qin Dynasty, private learning was banned, but it was not stopped.

Since the Han Dynasty, private learning has been developing in parallel with feudal official learning, and has been set up in urban and rural areas across the country, becoming an important channel for cultivating talents. When society is in turmoil and government education cannot be maintained, private education can often survive and develop with tenacious vitality.

Again, under the influence of Buddhist Zen forests. Buddhism began to be introduced to China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, flourished during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and by the Tang Dynasty, Zen Buddhism became popular. It is believed that as long as you meditate and concentrate on one realm, you will be able to achieve a state of stability and clarity in body and mind over time.

Buddhism often builds Zen forest retreats in famous places in the mountains and forests, and most of the academies are also set up in famous places in spring, which is obviously influenced by the Zen forests. In addition, Buddhist monks often used the method of questioning difficulties and ascending to the hall to give lectures, which also had a profound impact on the teaching activities of the academy.

The above is an analysis of several reasons for the rise of the academy. Although the academy sprouted in the Tang Dynasty, it was in the Song Dynasty that the academy was formed and flourished as an educational system. The Song Dynasty also saw the emergence of many famous academies:

Jiangxi Bailudong Academy, Hunan Yuelu Academy and Shigu Academy, Henan Yingtianfu Academy and Songyang Academy, Jiangsu Maoshan Academy, etc.

The four major academies of the Northern Song Dynasty are Yingtian Academy, Yuelu Academy, Songyang Academy, and Bailudong Academy.

1. Yingtian Academy.

Yingtianfu Academy, also known as Yingtian Academy, Suiyang Academy, Nanjing Academy, Nandu Academy, and Nanjing Guozijian with Bizheng, is located in the south lake of Shangqiu Ancient City, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province.

2. Yuelu Academy.

Yuelu Academy is one of the four famous academies in Chinese history, located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Changsha, Hunan, a famous historical and cultural city in China.

3. Songyang Academy.

Songyang Academy, an ancient Chinese institution of higher learning, is located at the foot of the extreme peak, 3 kilometers north of Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. Founded in the eighth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (484), the original name was Songyang Temple, which is a Buddhist temple. In the second year of Song Jinghu (1035), when the Taimur Academy was rebuilt, it was named Songyang Academy, and a president was appointed to take charge of the affairs of the college.

Songyang Academy is one of the birthplaces of Cheng Zhu Lixue in the Song Dynasty.

4. White Deer Cave Academy.

Bailu Cave Academy is located at the southern foot of Wulao Peak in Lushan Mountain, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. "Began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and followed the Ming and Qing Dynasties", with a history of more than 1,000 years. Bailudong Academy is one of the highest institutions of learning in the Song Dynasty in China, ranking first among the four major academies in ancient China.

Background of the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song Dynasty:

The Song Dynasty was an important period in Chinese history, which roughly spanned from 960 to 1279 AD. In the process, education has also developed and expanded accordingly.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the main places of Confucian education were county schools and state schools, and the scale of county schools and state schools was small and could not meet the educational needs of the society. Among them, the four major academies of the Song Dynasty are one of the representatives of government-run schools.

The famous "Four Great Academies" of the Song Dynasty refer to:

Ying Tianfu Academy (now Suiyang South Lake, Shangqiu, Henan).

Yuelu Academy (now Yuelu Mountain, Changsha, Hunan).

Bailudong Academy (now Lushan, Jiujiang, Jiangxi).

Songyang Academy (now Dengfeng Songshan, Zhengzhou, Henan).