Analyze the similarities and differences between the old and new psychoanalytic theories with case s

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Summary. Hello, the doctrine of psychoanalysis was founded by the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. He developed the first method of psychoanalysis from his own medical practice, and at the same time created the doctrine of psychoanalysis.

Freud believed that the human psyche contains two main parts, namely the conscious and the unconscious. Consciousness is a mental activity that can be perceived, while the unconscious contains the instinctive impulses of the person and the desires of the person who are suppressed after birth. This desire is repressed deep inward because the norms of social behavior do not allow it to be satisfied, and the consciousness cannot arouse it.

It is different from the unconscious in the ordinary sense of the sense that is not perceived, and in order to distinguish it, it is often called the subconscious. Later, Freud put forward the concept of preconsciousness, which is an intermediate state of mind between the conscious and the unconscious.

Hello, I have seen your question and am sorting out the answer, please wait a moment Hello The doctrine of psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud, a psychiatrist in Austria. He developed the first method of psychoanalysis from his own medical practice, and at the same time created the doctrine of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that the human psyche contains two main parts, namely the conscious and the unconscious.

The conscious stool is a mental activity that can be perceived, while the unconscious contains the instinctive impulses of the person and the desires of the person who are suppressed after birth. This desire is repressed deep inward because the norms of social behavior do not allow it to be satisfied, and the consciousness cannot arouse it. It is different from the unconscious in the ordinary sense of the sense that is not perceived, and in order to distinguish it, it is often called the subconscious.

Later, Freud put forward the concept of preconsciousness, which is an intermediate state between the conscious and the unconscious.

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Psychoanalytic theory is a psychological theory founded by the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud to aim at the inner world and behavior of human beings. The theory mainly emphasizes the following points:

The influence of the subconscious mind on behavior: Freud believed that both human behavior and emotions are influenced by the subconscious. The subconscious mind is a part of our consciousness that is outside the scope of our consciousness and includes some repressed desires, impulses, and emotions.

Shaping Personality by Childhood Experiences: Psychoanalytic theory argues that the formation of personality is influenced by childhood experiences, especially relationships with parents and other key figures. These experiences can shape human character, behavior, and emotional responses.

The role of psychological defense mechanisms: Psychoanalytic theories suggest that humans use a variety of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from anxiety and inner conflict. These defense mechanisms include denial, repression, and projection, among others.

The understanding of psychoanalytic theory has developed and changed in many aspects, mainly in the following aspects:

Evolution of Theory: Psychoanalytic theory has undergone many important evolutions and revisions from its inception to the present. For example, Lacan and some other psychologists criticized and expanded Freud's theories, proposing new ideas and concepts.

Changes in research methods: Over time, the research methods used by psychologists using simulation have also changed and advanced. For example, the development of neuroscience techniques has provided new support and validation for psychoanalytic theory.

Changes in practice: The practice of psychoanalytic theory has also changed, such as the traditional psychological approach has been replaced by cognitive-behavioral Namon and other new psychological methods.

In short, although the basic viewpoint of psychoanalytic theory is still one of the important theories in the field of psychology, there have been many new changes and developments in theory, methodology and practice.

The main perspectives of psychoanalytic theory include the unconscious, mental conflict, defense mechanism, subconscious macro-disturbance, and sexual instinct. But now there has been a development and change in the understanding of psychoanalysis. In modern psychology, psychoanalytic theories have been considered to place too much emphasis on biological and sexual factors and ignore the importance of environmental and interpersonal interaction factors.

Today's psychology pays more attention to the exploration of human nature, emphasizing human consciousness and rationality, attaching importance to individual relationships, self-exploration, growth and self-realization, and opposing the simple model of human beings as machines or animals. In practice, psychoanalytic theories are more widely used in the field of psychological counseling, while in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology, more humane theories and methods have emerged.

Similarities: Both the old psychoanalytic theory and the new psychoanalytic theory belong to psychoanalytic theories, and both emphasize the role of personality.

Differences:1Freud's old psychoanalytic theory emphasized the dynamic role of the sexual instinct, and the unfulfilled and repressed desires of childhood would enter the unconscious, where they continued to affect everyone's life; Propose a personality structure that includes id, ego, and superego, emphasizing the influence of early experiences; According to the libido that is placed on different parts of the body at different times, children's psychological development is divided into five stages.

2.Erickson's new psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of the rational self in regulating the relationship between individuals and society, and puts forward the psychosocial theory with the rational regulating role of the self as the core, and divides the process of individual personality development into eight stages according to the characteristics of the psychosocial crisis. Erikson argues that through self-regulation, crises are resolved in a positive or negative way, and individuals correspondingly form positive personality components; The motivation of psychological development is not only the factor of biological maturity, but also the expectation of society is also the driving force of growth, and psychological development does not stop at adolescence, but is a process that lasts throughout life.

Since the 80s of the 20th century, personality researchers have reached a relatively consistent consensus on the personality description model, and proposed the five-factor personality model, which is called the "big five personality". These five personality traits are:

Emotional stability: anxious, hostile, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable.

Extroversion: enthusiastic, social, decisive, active, adventurous, optimistic.

Openness: imagination, aesthetics, emotional richness, difference-seeking, intelligence.

Easy-going: trusting, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, humble, empathetic.

Prudence: competent, organized, conscientious, accomplished, self-disciplined, prudent.

1. Sexual instinct is the first concept that the new psychoanalysis has abandoned, and the new psychoanalysis mostly focuses on the cultural factors in the personality, and later scholars in the United States have also discovered the differences between European and American cultures.

2. Self is different from ego, the self is a weak mechanism that copes between the id and the superego, and plays a decisive role in the subconscious, while most of the neo-psychoanalytic schools regard themselves as a powerful autonomous whole, which can face reality for self-choice and self-responsibility.

3. Traditional psychoanalysis emphasizes nature in tone, and the subconscious mind is mostly physical disordered impulses, while the new psychoanalysis school regards the human self as positive, positive and developing.

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First of all, sexual instinct is the first concept they have abandoned, Ah and Rong they mostly emphasize the cultural factors in the personality, and later scholars in the United States also found the differences between American and European cultures.

Secondly, self is different from ego, where ego is a weak mechanism for coping with the id and superego, and the subconscious mind plays a leading role, while the new essence mostly regards self as a strong autonomous whole, which can face reality and make self-choices and be self-responsible.

Finally, in terms of tone, Buddha emphasizes nature, and the subconscious mind is mostly physical disordered impulses, while the new essence sees the human self as positive, positive and developing.

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1. Spiritual Hierarchy Theory: Consciousness, Preconscious, and Preconscious (Unconscious) The Spiritual Hierarchy Theory is to explain that people's mental activities, including desires, impulses, thoughts, fantasies, judgments, decisions, emotions, etc., will occur and carry out at different levels of consciousness. The different levels of consciousness include three levels: consciousness, preconscious and subconscious, which seem to exist at different levels of the earth's crust, so they are called spiritual levels.

2. Personality structure theory: id, ego, superego.

Among the many personality theories, there are some theories that divide personality into different levels or parts, and these theories can be called personality structure theories. Some of the more famous ones are: Sigmund Freud's structural model (psychoanalytic school), many theories of the neo-psychoanalytic school, Hans Eysenck's personality hierarchy model (trait school or biological school), Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (humanistic school).

It should be noted that the theories of personality structure at this stage are all hypotheses, and the empirical basis is not very sufficient. Recently, no new and better theory of personality structure has been proposed in the field of personality psychology.

3. The Theory of Sexual Instinct.

Instinct theory is the theory of the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud who explains the motivation of human behavior from instinct.

1) Jung is a student of Freud, Jung is a typical representative of the new psychoanalysis, Jung's theory is also exclusive to the psychoanalytic school, Freud's theory is also called psychoanalytic psychology, so there is no fundamental difference between the two theories;

2) The two great men have irreconcilable contradictions on certain issues, and the contradictions mainly revolve around: Freud insisted that the sexual instinct (here refers to sex in the general sense of psychology, and generally refers to the human instinct to seek pleasure and satisfaction) is the most powerful of instincts, and libido is the sexual instinct; Jung, on the other hand, believed that the sexual instinct was nothing more than an ordinary aspect of the human instinct, and that libido was the force of love and development. Jung was also expelled from the World Psychoanalytic Association, and he held a deep sense of guilt for Freud all his life.