Types of reactions of organic matter: substitution, addition, elimination, esterification, hydrolysi

The substitution reactants should have oh cooh h

The bonus must have a c c or a carbon-carbon triple bond, and there are also c o, but this situation is basically not tested.

Elimination is a reaction of saturated hydrocarbons or saturated halogenated hydrocarbons.

Esterified COOH OH

Hydrolyzed COO

Oxidation In general, hydrocarbons can be oxidized.

Restore Add h to o is revert.

Neutralization: In organic reactions, COOH is generally reacted with other bases.

No, replace. Basically anything can be done, only the carbon-carbon single bond is more difficult to break, and generally does not break in the substitution reaction, and the substitution reaction can basically occur if it is a functional group.

With a bonus, all unsaturated keys can be bonus, but the difficulty level is different.

If it is eliminated, the more common ones are halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols, but many other substances can also be eliminated, such as amides, which can eliminate the formation of nitriles.

Of course, there must be a hydroxyl or carboxyl group for lipidation.

Hydrolysis, carboxyl groups, halogens are more common, of course, epoxy compounds can also be hydrolyzed, and there are many other things that can be hydrolyzed, in fact, isn't this a class of substitution reactions?

There are also many things that can be oxidized and reduced, most of the compounds without oxygen, alcohols, aldehydes, sugars, and so on can be oxidized, judging whether it can be oxidized by just one group is sometimes not correct, and the same is true for reduction, generally speaking, there are non-most ** (lowest) oxygen-containing groups can be oxidized (reduced), and the old ones without oxygen-containing groups are hard to say, some can be oxidized without combustion (toluene is oxidized by acidic potassium permanganate), some can be burned and oxidized, and some can not be burned and are not easy to be oxidized.

It is difficult to say that if it is widespread, phenols, alkynes, amines, and many other kinds of substances can be neutralized.

Anyway, organic reactions are very complicated, and it is not appropriate for you to memorize which reactions require which groups, so it is recommended that you memorize which groups have what properties and what reactions can occur to be effective, and the work will be natural

Elimination reaction: Under certain conditions, one or several small molecules are sold from an organic compound molecule to form an unsaturated compound (containing double or triple bonds).

Hydrolysis reaction: water reacts with another compound, the compound is decomposed into two parts, the hydrogen atom in the water is added to one part, and the hydroxyl group is added to the other part, so that two or more new compounds are obtained.

Addition reaction: The reaction in which the double or triple bonds contained in the vertical cultivation of organic molecules are broken, and other atoms or clusters are added (combined) is called addition reaction.

Esterification reaction: Esterification reaction is a class of organic chemical reactions, which is the reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid or oxygenated inorganic acid to produce esters and water. It is divided into two categories: carboxylic acid reaction with alcohol and inorganic oxygenated acid reaction with alcohol, and inorganic strong acid reaction with alcohol.

Dilute acid or dilute alkali generally needs to be heated.

Lipidation: concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated alkali, generally need to be heated, oxidation: hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, potassium permanganate, air, etc., more.

Substitution: halogenated on the benzene ring - light.

Since there are many substitution reactions, there are many conditions. For example, esterification is actually to replace local chong fingers, hydrolysis is also, etc., not to list them all!

The addition conditions depend on the type of organic matter and the reagent, such as: olefins, alkynes and bromine water addition do not require conditions; Addition with H2 and H2O, a catalyst is required; Benzene is added with H2, not only catalyst, but also heating, etc.

There is a wide range of substitution reactions, such as hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in NaOH solution; Esterification of alcohols and carboxylic acids under the heating condition of concentrated sulfuric acid; The halogenation of alkanes requires light; Benzene halogenation requires catalyst FE, nitrification needs concentrated sulfuric acid to catalyze and heat; There are also different conditions such as ethanol and HBR reaction, ethanol ether formation, etc.

The esterification reaction is usually concentrated sulfuric acid heating.

The conditions of the polymerization reaction can be written as a catalyst or initiator.

The elimination of reactive alcohols is the heating of concentrated sulfuric acid and the elimination of halogenated hydrocarbons is the coheating of NaOH alcohol solution.

There are also many oxidation reactions, such as aldehydes are easy to be oxidized, KMNO4 can be oxidized at room temperature, silver ammonia solution, new copper hydroxide suspension needs to be heated to react, and catalytic oxidation of ethanol needs hot copper oxide.

Hydrolysis reactions typically require catalysts such as NaOH, dilute sulfuric acid, and can also be enzymes.

The reaction with NaHCO3 should be an organic matter containing -CoOH.

PS: Your question is too big.

1. The functional groups or substance categories that can undergo substitution reactions are: alkyl fraction (halogenated) in alkanes and other organic compounds, benzene and its homologues (halogenated, nitrified, sulfonated), alcohol hydroxyl group (sodium, intermolecular dehydration, esterification), carboxyl group, phenols, ester groups (hydrolysis), halogenated hydrocarbons (hydrolysis), disaccharides or polysaccharides (hydrolysis), etc.

2. The functional groups that can undergo addition reaction are: carbon-carbon double bond, (H2, X2, Hx, H2O) carbon-carbon triple bond (H2, X2, Hx, H2O, HCN), benzene ring (H2), aldehyde group (H2, HCN), ketone carbonyl (H2, HCN), etc.

Note: Carbon-oxygen double bonds in carboxyl and ester groups generally do not undergo addition reactions unless they react with strong reducing agents (LialH4, etc.).

3. The types of substances that can be eliminated are: alcohol (intramolecular dehydration), halogenated hydrocarbons, etc. They are structurally characterized by the fact that hydrogen must be present on the carbon atom adjacent to the hydroxyl group or halogen atom.

4. The functional groups or substances that can undergo oxidation reactions are: carbon-carbon double bonds, carbon-carbon triple bonds and benzene homologues (to fade the acidic potassium permanganate solution), alcohol hydroxyl group (hydrogen atoms on the hydroxyl carbon atom), aldehyde groups (O2, silver ammonia solution, new copper hydroxide), etc.

Note: The vast majority of organic matter is combustible, and an oxidation reaction occurs.

5. The functional groups that can undergo reduction reaction are: carbon-carbon double bond, carbon-carbon triple bond, benzene ring, aldehyde group, etc.

Note: The addition reaction of unsaturated compounds with hydrogen is also a reduction reaction.

6. The functional groups or substance categories that can undergo polymerization reaction are: carbon-carbon double bond, carbon-carbon triple bond, diolefin, etc.

7. The categories of substances that can undergo polycondensation reaction are: phenolic polycondensation, dicarboxylic acid and diol polycondensation, dicarboxylic acid and diamine polycondensation, hydroxycarboxylic acid self or intermolecular polycondensation, amino acid self or intermolecular polycondensation, etc.

8. The categories of substances that can react with color are: phenol (ferric chloride solution), starch (iodine water), protein (concentrated nitric acid).

It is possible to substitute methyl groups (in the case of alkanes).

Alcohol hydroxyl groups can.

Benzene and benzene congeners can.

The methyl group on the benzene ring can also be substituted.

Intermolecular dehydration is also a substitution reaction.

Addition c = c, carbon-carbon triple bond.

Benzene and benzene congeners.

C=O bonds can be substituted only if they are aldehydes.

Halogenated hydrocarbons or alcohols are eliminated, but only when there is hydrogen on C adjacent to the halogen atom or hydroxyl group can the esterification of the alcohol hydroxyl group (i.e., the -OH on the alcohol) occur

Carboxyl-NO2

and carboxyl groups are also available.

Hydrolysis and water reaction are basically interchangeable with carboxyl groups.

Oxidation of double and triple bonds, side chains on the benzene ring, hydroxyl groups, aldehyde groups, etc., remember that the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen in the reaction is an oxidation reaction in organic.

Reduction of double and triple bonds, side chains on the benzene ring, hydroxyl group, aldehyde group, etc., remember that the loss of oxygen or the acquisition of hydrogen in the reaction are all reduction reactions in organic.

Neutralizing ester groups, amino groups, hydroxyl groups in phenol, etc. can react with bases.

Substitution: alkanes or halogenated hydrocarbons.

Additions: generally double, triple bonds, benzene rings, etc.

Elimination: There is water on the adjacent c that can be dissipated.

Esterification: There are hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

Hydrolysis: It is to react with water, which is basically interchangeable with carboxyl groups (generally halogen atoms) oxidation: double, triple bonds, benzene rings, carboxyl groups, aldehyde groups, etc.

Reduction: hydroxyl group, aldehyde group, ether.

Neutralization: It is generally said in inorganic, and it is generally an acid and base in a narrow sense of fact (can be H+OH = H2O).

The substitution reactants should have OH

Coohh bonus.

There should be a C C or carbon-carbon triple bond.

There are also C o, but in this case, basically they will not be tested.

Elimination is a reaction of saturated hydrocarbons or saturated halogenated hydrocarbons.

Esterified COOH

OH hydrolysis. coo－

Oxidation In general, hydrocarbons can be oxidized.

Restore Add h to o is revert.

Neutralization: In organic reactions, COOH is generally reacted with other bases.

Replace. The reactants should have ohcoohh

Bonus year cherry blossom segment.

There should be a C C or carbon triple bond.

There are also cases where it is co but this is the case.

Basically. I won't take the test.

Eliminate. Be saturated hydrocarbons or.

Saturated halogen. Hydrocarbon-laden reactions.

Esterify. Coohoh hydrolysis.

Coo oxidation.

In general, hydrocarbons can be oxidized.

Restore. Add h to o is to restore.

Neutralization. In organic reactions, COOH reacts with its sonitamine.

D test question analysis: According to the simple formula of the structure of organic matter, it can be seen that the functional groups contained in the molecule include phenolic hydroxyl group, hydroxyl group and carboxyl group, so the hydrolysis reaction and polymerization reaction cannot occur, and the rest of the reactions are OK, and the answer is D.

Comments: This question is a common test point in the college entrance examination and is a moderately difficult test question. The test questions are basic and pay attention to the cultivation of ability.

The key to this question is to accurately determine the functional groups contained in the molecule, and then use them flexibly according to the structure and properties of the corresponding functional groups. It is conducive to cultivating students' logical reasoning ability and knowledge transfer ability.