Questions about capitalist surplus value

100-50, because although you can't spend all your salary, that is, you have savings or investments, which also belong to you, and in the end they are still used to feed you and your family, which is not considered to be exploited surplus value.

According to Marx, wages are equal to the cost of the means of subsistence necessary to maintain the production and reproduction of labor power, so your salary is not 50, but 20

So the surplus value you create is 80. But in real life, I feel that we all have a certain amount of surplus value to a greater or lesser extent, and if the salary we receive is only its original value, what do we use for leisure and entertainment? In other words, if you receive a salary of 50, then you have 30% of the 80 surplus value you have created

According to Marx's theory, your surplus value should be 80, but you yourself enjoy 50 out of 80, and the remaining 30 is owned by others.

In fact, it is absurd to say that the so-called concept of surplus value hints at the secret of the exploitation of the work of the capitalists.

People are social animals, people can not exist in isolation in the society, we cooperate with each other, jointly create social wealth, share the fruits of labor, can produce wisdom out of brainpower, can produce physical strength, if we can create more surplus value for others to enjoy, that is to contribute to society. Only those who advocate class struggle can say that exploitation is eliminated, as if only when they earn and consume it completely can they completely eliminate class exploitation and class oppression, can such a society exist?

Because the new way is more subtle and less noticeable. With the proletariat.

The increasingly acute class contradictions with the bourgeoisie, relative surplus value.

production became the main means by which the capitalists obtained surplus value.

Through unmanned factories and other forms, the labor intensity and complexity of workers have increased significantly, and the capitalists have put exploitation from the production process to the production process. Surplus value is under the system of exploitation, by the ruling class.

The difference between the value created by labor and the remuneration of labor in the new value produced by the exploitative laborer, i.e., "the labor created by the laborer and appropriated by the bourgeoisie without compensation".

Value is the commodity economy.

A basic fact of morphological society. "Surplus value" on the basis of value, this is the fact of the factory system. It appears to be the result of the process of implementation of a labor agreement or a collective bargaining contract.

In fact, the incomplete contract theory of the new institutional economics is equivalent to the "surplus value theory" in terms of status, which means that the laborers cannot figure out their "surplus", which is actually the final control of the capital, and it does not belong to the laborers. That is, the laborer does not have the final control over the labor process. This is a fact of a commodity society, Marx.

Call it the "theory of surplus value". That is, in a narrow sense, the capitalist enterprise is directly defined as the controlling producer of a capitalist labor process by the capitalist family, especially by the capitalist family, which makes use of the contract of market labor.

and labor contracts.

Extended information: Absolute surplus value refers to the surplus value produced as a result of the extension of the length of the working day under the condition that the necessary labor time remains constant. Capitalism.

The worker's working day is divided into two parts: necessary labor time and remaining labor time. The longer the working day, the longer the surplus labor time, and the more surplus value the capitalist extracts from the worker, and thus the rate of surplus value, given the given necessary time of labour.

The higher it is. If the necessary labour time remains the same, the longer the working day, the longer the surplus labour time, the higher the rate of surplus value, and the greater the amount of surplus value.

First, the conditions are different. 1. Absolute surplus value: the surplus value produced by absolutely extending the working day, and thus the absolute extension of the surplus labor time, under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged. 2. Relative surplus value.

Under the condition that the length of the working day remains the same, the surplus value of the celebration of good life is produced by shortening the necessary working hours and extending the remaining working hours accordingly. Second, get ** different. 1. Absolute surplus value:

Absolute surplus value is the surplus value obtained by the enterprise and created by the employees of the main enterprise. 2. Relative surplus value: Relative surplus value is the surplus value obtained by the enterprise and created by the employees of other enterprises.

in capitalism.

Under these conditions, the worker's working day is divided into two parts: the necessary labor time, that is, the time to produce the necessary means of subsistence for himself; Surplus labor time, that is, the time for the capitalist to produce surplus value. Under the condition that the necessary labour is not the same, the capitalist can only enable the worker to produce surplus value for him if the working day is extended beyond the necessary labour time.

The degree of exploitation of wage workers by the capitalists is directly proportional to the length of the working day. The longer the working day, the longer the surplus labour time, and thus the more surplus value, the higher the degree of exploitation. Assuming that the length of the worker's working day is 8 hours, of which the necessary labor time and the remaining labor time are 4 hours each, the surplus value rate.

That's 100%. If the working day is extended to 10 hours, the necessary working time remains unchanged at 4 hours, while the surplus working time is increased from 4 to 6 hours, and the surplus value rate rises from 100 per cent to 150 per cent.

Marxist surplus value refers to "surplus value created by wage workers and appropriated by capitalists without compensation in excess of the value of labor power." It is the condensation of the surplus labor of wage workers, and embodies the relationship between exploitation and exploitation between capitalists and wage workers.

From the perspective of the creator of value, the theory of surplus value refers to the part of surplus value created by laborers that exceeds the value of their own labor power. The value of the laborer's own labor force is determined by the cost of the means of subsistence necessary to maintain the production and reproduction of the labor force, including the basic survival, knowledge education, and skill training expenses of the laborer himself and his family.

There are two types of surplus value: absolute surplus value and relative surplus value. Absolute surplus value refers to the surplus value produced as a result of the extension of the length of the working day under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged.

Under capitalism, a worker's working day is divided into two parts: necessary labor time and surplus labor time. The longer the working day, the longer the surplus labor time, and the more surplus value the capitalist extracts from the workers, given the conditions of the necessary labor time.

Relative surplus value is the surplus value that extends the remaining labor time by shortening the necessary labor time under the condition that the length of the working day remains the same. Reducing the necessary labour time requires an increase in labour productivity in these sectors of production. Therefore, the production of relative surplus value is the result of the increase in the productivity of social labor and the application of mechanization and automation technologies, thereby shortening the necessary labor time.

The necessary working hours of the worker depend on the physiological needs of the labor force, such as eating, sleeping, resting, etc., in order to restore the labor force; The second is the demand for social activities, such as necessary social activities and cultural life, nurturing offspring, housework, etc., to meet the needs of spiritual and labor regeneration. The scope and quantity of such needs depend on the level of socio-economic and cultural development of a country at that time.

Surplus value is the inevitable result of the development of the productive forces of capitalist society. The more society develops, the more widely new technologies and equipment are used, the higher the production efficiency, the shorter the necessary labor time of workers, and the greater the corresponding amount of surplus value.

The distribution of surplus value makes a profit for the capitalists. Under the capitalist mode of production, Marx studied productive labor, discovered the theory of surplus value, revealed the secret of capitalist exploitation, and foreshadowed the law of development of the inevitable demise of capitalism and the inevitable victory of socialism.

If we want to say that the capitalist earns "surplus value of labor", we must first accurately define "labor and surplus value".

It is not difficult to find a phenomenon: manual workers always think that "managers are supported by the fruits of their manual labor". This phenomenon is a common misunderstanding in society, which stems from people's lack of understanding of the "relationship between labor and labor organization."

When we say that "labor creates value", on the one hand, "labor includes both physical and mental labor", and on the other hand, "labor organization is the main way to improve labor efficiency, that is, labor value". Purely manual labor is being replaced by machines, which in itself shows the importance of "mental work and labor organization". In other words, the embodiment of the value of labor is changing from physical labor to mental labor.

At the same time, without the organization of labor, the machine is also a pile of scrap metal (equivalent to manual labor doing useless work), and the further increase in the value of mental labor requires a strong labor organization.

According to the above, the value of labor should be divided into three parts, the first part is the value of manual labor and machinery, the second part is the value of mental labor, and the third part is the value of labor organization. Of course, manual labor is the basis for the realization of all values.

If we do not have an accurate understanding of the composition of labor value, we cannot define surplus value. In real life, people always regard the value of labor organization as surplus value, which is another big misunderstanding.

So, what about the capitalists' money? Who is a real capitalist? There are two types of capitalists, one is an industry that does not reflect any value base of manual labor, such as capital lending, equity purchase, **, etc.; The other is to deviate from the distribution of labor value and inflate the value of labor organizations.

The former illustrates that all those who have a great deal of wealth through money lending are pure capitalists; Those who are engaged in the ** and ** industries are also pure capitalists; Those who are keen on ** have the desire to become capitalists. The latter case states:

Those who have acquired a great deal of wealth through the effective organization of labor cannot be compared with the capitalists; Those who inflate the value of labor organizations by means of funds, **, **, etc., also belong to the category of capitalists; And those who blatantly deduct the value of their labor for their own use, using violence is robbery, and without violence, it may be fraud.

Personal opinions, just for communication!

What is the Residual Value Rate?

We all know that every wage worker's working day consists of two parts, one is the necessary labor time and the other is the remaining labor time. Assuming that a worker can produce a product equivalent to his wages by working only four hours a day, then these four hours are necessary labor time. But the capitalist is not satisfied with this "equivalent exchange", and he will certainly demand that the laborer work for more than four hours in order to produce surplus value for him.

If the clock-out time is set at 8 hours, then the 4 hours in excess of the necessary working time are the surplus labor time and represent the surplus value.

The first law of surplus value: the relationship between overtime and layoffs.

According to the formula m'= m v, the rate of surplus value m'= the average surplus value provided by a laborer per day m is used to purchase the variable capital v that a laborer advances on a daily basis.

This formula means that the more overtime, the less pay, and the greater the exploitation. If the overtime hours are extended and 996 is implemented without raising the salary at the same time, it is indeed a "blessing for the boss", but it is a dream for the workers.

The second law of surplus value: where is the upper limit of exploitation?

There is a line that cannot be crossed to compensate for the number of employees by increasing the rate of exploitation or extending the working day. Any laborer will always work less than 24 hours a day. Thus, the absolute limit of the average working day is the absolute limit at which the decrease in the number of employees can be compensated by an increase in the rate of exploitation.

In other words, in order to maintain the same amount of total surplus value, the number of layoffs must be determined according to the degree of exploitation that can be made. The highest level of exploitation is to make an employee work 24 hours a day, but the worker always needs to rest, and needs to meet purely physiological needs such as eating, convenience, grooming, sleeping, etc., which is the physical limit of the working day. In addition, workers also have spiritual and social needs such as cultural recreation, family care, social learning, etc., which are the social boundaries of the working day.

The third law of surplus value: the reason for recruiting employees.

Layoffs are necessary in a sluggish market, but not all capitalists are eager to do so. On the contrary, when the market is good, they tend to expand.

Assuming that the value of labor and the degree of exploitation remain constant, the more workers are recruited, the greater the total amount of surplus value, and firms tend to increase in size and add value by exploiting more people – that is, in this case, variable capital is proportional to the amount of surplus value produced.

The "surplus value" in Capital was not put forward by Marx, but by predecessors.

For in the past, the capitalists often acquired surplus value in accordance with the production of absolute surplus value. As the class contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie became increasingly acute, the production of relative surplus value became the main way for capitalists to obtain surplus value. This method is more subtle and less noticeable.

Under the system of exploitation, the difference between the value created by labor and the remuneration of labor in the new value produced by the laborers exploited by the ruling class is "the labor created by the laborers and appropriated by the bourgeoisie without compensation".