Information and evaluation of the Spring and Autumn Warring States Soldiers, and the role of the Spr

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Analysis: A specific social class with a certain status in ancient Chinese society later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. Originally, it may have referred to the samurai who were of the same clan as the clan chiefs and dignitaries at the end of primitive society, and when they entered the class society, they became part of the ruling class.

Because in ancient times, only the children of nobles above the rank of scholar had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the title of a person with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the role of foot soldiers increased, the role of chariot warfare and samurai decreased, and the status of warriors also rose or fell. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some doctors tried to attract the people to make a statement, and many scholars took refuge in them.

There are also some scholars who go to funerals, pay tributes, or run businesses in order to solve their financial difficulties; There are also people who give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge, and since then there have been a number of scholars who specialize in cultural activities in Chinese history. They traveled to various countries, were active in their thinking, and made great contributions to the emergence of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended in the field of ancient Chinese scholarship and to the development of culture and science. During the Warring States Period, the struggle for hegemony and annexation wars became more intense, so the lobbyists of the Qin and Twilight Chu came into being.

They travel from country to country and act as lobbyists, represented by the Zonghengjia. At this time, the practice of raising scholars of feudal lords and magnates in various countries was also prevalent. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the connotation of Shi underwent further changes.

Shi, when called a scholar, can refer to a soldier in the army, and is often a general name for officials who serve in the ** regime and states, counties and counties; When referred to as scholars, the bureau refers to intellectuals who have a high level of feudal cultural literacy and are engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han Dynasty, scholars attached great importance to the name of the scholar (that is, personality and fame, character and integrity, and intellectual ability), once they became a celebrity, the utilitarian official position would follow one after another, so the scholar or the righteous heart, self-cultivation, family, governance, and peace in the world, abide by the feudal program and the famous teaching; Or flashy socializing, making friends, boasting to each other, and selling fame. In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, among the scholars, the style of discussing the topic of the character was extremely popular.

This kind of human object belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the nine-product zhongzheng system was established, and the right to evaluate the scholars was returned to all those who were judged by the middle **, according to their virtue and ability, and the family valve was given different grades (township products), and then awarded various official positions. Those who have not been evaluated are not allowed to be officials.

As a result, scholars have the meaning of a certain class of scholars. Shishu is opposed, and the clues are gradually emerging. All officials above the ninth grade and those who have obtained the first rank are all scholars, otherwise they are concubines.

Among the scholars, there is a family that has been able to enter the Qing Dynasty and live in the official position for generations by virtue of his father's ancestors, which is a scholar family. The scholars reached their peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and began to decline in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of scholars as a specific class still remained.

After the Song Dynasty, the term scholar or scholar gradually became a general term for ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to officials.

Reasons: (1) During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou royal family declined during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the original class and social order were impacted, and the scholar class, as a class between the aristocratic class and the commoner class, was particularly strongly impacted (Zhou Tianzi still had the name of the co-lord of the world, and the princes and princes also retained a certain status more or less, only the scholar class, the differentiation was the most obvious, and there were many scholars who lost their aristocratic status and went to the people, spreading their knowledge and skills to the people) This is the "scholar" The reason for the change from aristocracy to plebeian intellectuals.

2) If the reality of the collapse of etiquette and the decline of the royal family in the Spring and Autumn Period was the reason for the change of "scholars" from nobles to commoner intellectuals, then the political needs of the rulers of various countries during the Warring States period were in urgent need of talents, and they worked hard to change the law and become strong, so as to win the increasingly fierce annexation wars, which led to the transformation of the status of scholars to "travelers". At this stage, scholars lobbied among the rulers of various countries to sell their talents in order to gain the ruler's appointment to improve their social status, and the rulers were happy to see it happen. Therefore, we can see that there are many "scholars" in the Warring States period who are keen on political affairs, and the best among them, such as Su Qin and Zhang Yi, can be said to have "soared into the sky" for their respective monarchs, and realized the jump from commoners to magnates.

Even Yasheng Mencius was not exempt from vulgarity, he once lobbied the king of Qi but was not taken seriously, and only after being disheartened did he begin to organize his doctrine and write the book "Mencius".

During the Warring States period, the taxis were a complex special class. After the late Spring and Autumn period, Shi gradually became the collective term for intellectuals in the ruling class. During the Warring States period, there were many types of "scholars", including scholars who wrote books and lectures, warriors who died for their confidants, monks who knew the lunisolar calendar, and strategists who gave advice to others.

It can be said that the scholar is a candidate for the bureaucracy, a high-ranking commoner and a low-level nobleman. Famous scholars of the Warring States period, such as Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Jing Ke, etc.

Jing Ke stabbed the owner of the King of Qin, the landlord should know, I won't say more. Su Qin and Zhang Yi were famous columnists, and Su Qin devoted his life to "co-vertical", that is, to unite the six eastern countries to counter the Qin state; Zhang Yi, on the other hand, tried to "connect horizontally" for the collapse of the Qin State and the division of the six countries. The idiom of combining vertical and horizontal is derived from this.

In addition, the stinging bones in the idiom "hanging beam thorn stock" are talking about Su Qin's hard study when he was young.

It refers to all kinds of talented people who were raised in their own homes by the rich and powerful at that time, such as strategists and samurai. In short, they are people who have their own strengths, and people who can use their own abilities to help their masters complete their careers. Of course, many times there are a lot of idle meals.

In addition, the four princes of the Warring States Period (Chu Guochun, Shenjun Huang Xie, Wei Guoxinling Jun Wei Wuji, Qi State Meng Weijun Tianwen, and Zhao Guopingyuan Jun Zhao Sheng) were all keen on raising scholars, and there were many diners under them. Like Mao Sui's self-recommendation, he came from the plain king's family.

During the Warring States period, there were scholars who wrote books and lectures, warriors who died for their confidants, scholars who knew lunisolar calendrical calculations, and strategists who gave advice to others. For example, Jing Ke is the Prince of Yan Dan Assassin King Qin, Feng Tanke Meng Weijun, Su Qin Lianheng and so on.

A scholar is the lowest level of nobility. According to the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty, the eldest son of the Son of Heaven inherited the throne, and the concubine was a marquis; Hou's concubine is a doctor, the doctor's concubine is a scholar, and the scholar's concubine is a concubine, not a nobleman. More famous"taxi"The story has a story of Yan Zi Liang Tao killing three soldiers.

There are also stories of Mao Sui self-study and Jing Ke's assassination of Qin.