What gave Greek civilization the opportunity for direct communication with Eastern civilizations

In 166 AD, the Great Qin King Andun sent an envoy to China, bringing gifts for Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty: ivory, rhino horn, and tortoiseshell. This incident is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty.

The arrival of the envoys of the Great Qin in 166 A.D. was the first direct contact between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Great Qin, and also the first direct contact between China and Europe, which was a major event in the history of Sino-Western communications.

If it refers to the Eastern civilization in West Asia, it is Alexander's crusade, and if it refers to the civilization in East Asia, it depends on the Silk Road.

Alexander's Crusade.

Ancient Greece is the cradle of Western civilization and a symbol of human wisdom. Although it did not form a unified nation, they were closely linked by a common language, the same faith, and the same language and culture, and the ancient Greek nation not only created a splendid and colorful civilization, but also made brilliant achievements in mythology, philosophy, religion, literature, art, and science, and had a great influence on the development of the West in all aspects.

Ancient Greece geographically refers primarily to the Aegean Sea region, including the Greek peninsula, the archipelago and islands of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, the southwest coast of present-day Turkey, western Italy, and the eastern coast of Sicily. Greek culture is the mother of Western culture. Among the ancient civilizations of the world, there is no civilization that has had such a profound impact on Western culture as the ancient Greek civilization.

The ancient Greeks had a strong focus on political democracy and freedom of thought, a firm belief in the worth and dignity of the human person, and did not submit to any secular or religious authority. They have embraced an attitude of rationalism and secularism, adhered to the spirit of free exploration, positive thinking, and constant innovation, and brought to the Western world the humanistic ideas of freedom, rationality, and democracy, an optimistic and enterprising attitude toward life, and a healthy and simple aesthetic concept. Marx once exclaimed: .

Hellenistic culture) will continue to provide us with artistic enjoyment, and in some ways become a standard and an unattainable norm. ”

Ancient Greece constituted a major part of classical culture to Western culture, and the literature, art, history, philosophy and science of the classical era, especially Athens, have been left behind for centuries, and have had a great influence on Rome, later European and world cultures. Ancient Greece had a highly prosperous economic life and highly developed science and technology, which produced a glorious Greek culture that had a profound impact on later generations. The ancient Greeks had profound attainments in philosophy, thought, poetry, architecture, science, literature, drama, mythology, and many other aspects.

After the fall of ancient Greece, this civilizational heritage was continued by the ancient Romans, thus becoming the spiritual source of the entire Western civilization.

It shows that Greek civilization was advanced at that time and played a positive role in promoting the development of productive forces.

In today's Western world, and even in some other countries, the political constitution is actually reborn from the Greek civilization thousands of years ago, and the Greek democratic spirit is the essence of the Western political spirit, and they also regard it as the highest creed.

In literature and art, Greek civilization paid more attention to the beauty of human beings, such as the appreciation of the human body, which rose to the influence of the later Renaissance. And we Chinese are Shang Tian, Shang ghosts, even Confucians are not exempt from vulgarity.

Therefore, Greek civilization is the mother of Western civilization.

I'm a science student and don't know much about this. Actually, I'm here to do the task.

1。From the most superficial influence, the ancient Greek and Latin gave European languages a large number of words and the meanings and concepts reflected by these words, which are the most obvious part of the heritage of classical civilization, and writing is an important symbol of human civilization.

2。After the appearance of writing, it in turn had a strong impact on all aspects of social life, especially in literature, from the literary achievements of ancient Greece, there were first the epics of Homer, Hesiod and others, and then there were the lyric poems of Sappho, Pindar and others, and then the drama, the highest achievement of ancient Greek literature is tragedy, and Greek tragedy has become the originator of modern stage play.

3。The historiography of ancient Greece is the source of Western historiography. Ancient Greek historiography, together with the later historiography of ancient Rome, constituted the first 69 stages of the development of Western historiography——— the stage of classical historiography.

The contributions of the ancient Greeks to the history of Western historiography were enormous, and the Greeks completed the transition from spontaneous historical consciousness to conscious historical consciousness with a truth-seeking attitude, a skeptical spirit, a critical vision, and rational analysis, and took the lead in establishing the theory and method of historiography in the history of Western historiography.

4。The philosophy of ancient Greece is the embryo and germ of various philosophical views in the West, and the intellectual heritage of ancient Greece constitutes the core of the achievements of modern Western spiritual civilization, and the philosophy of ancient Greece has formulated the basic topics and knowledge categories of modern Western philosophical research, such as metaphysics, logic, philosophy of language, theory of knowledge, ethics, political philosophy, and philosophy of art.

The idea of an orientalization revolution in Greek civilization is an argument put forward by the academic community to correct the ethnocentric bias in the study of Greek civilization.

The Emergence of Greek Civilization:

Greek civilization was not a primitive civilization, but a late or secondary civilization based on the original civilization, a later civilization that underwent "Orientalization" or "Orientalization" around the 8th and 6th centuries BC. The oldest civilizations in Eurasia are the civilizations of the Nile Valley, the Two Rivers, the Yellow River and the Indus Valley, the so-called "four major civilizations" of the ancient world.

The impact of the Orientalization Revolution on Greek civilization:

In recent years, with the translation and introduction of works such as Walter Burkett's The Orientalization Revolution: The Influence of the Near East on Ancient Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Period, the Chinese scholars have begun to pay close attention to the non-native nature of Greek civilization. Whether ancient Oriental literature had a structural influence on Greek literature.

In other words, it shaped the spiritual outlook of the Greeks, nourished a large number of philosophers and writers from Thales, Heraclitus and Pythagoras to Socrates, Plato, Sophocles, Aristophanes, etc., and was the product of the genius of Greek literature.

Reasons for the decline of Greek civilization:

I. The events of the beginning of the decline of Greek civilization.

As the chronology of history entered the end of the 5th century B.C., Greece began to show signs of decline. The two Aegean powers, Athens, allied with the Spartan organizations in an attempt to sweep the world and annex the Eight Desolations. As a result, both sides were defeated and their vitality was lost.

2. Alexander's acceleration of the decline of Greek civilization.

At the same time, Macedonia rose in the north, roaring with an invincible phalanx of mighty horses. Everywhere he went, he was invincible, so that the dust of strife Greece settled at his fingertips and was unified. Alexander's empire that followed, although it briefly revived civilization in the evening scene, was only a passing visitor to history.

Soon after Alexander's return from the expedition, his generals were divided into three families, and the former glory of the empire was impatiently sent to the grave. At this time, on the Apennine Peninsula across the sea from the Balkans, the shouts of Roman legions were already ringing. The invincible advance of the Roman legions played an elegy for Greek civilization, and finally the prosperity came to an end and merged into the long river of history.

Summary. The peculiar nature of the geography of ancient Greece had a great influence on the development of its culture. First of all, the Greek peninsula was surrounded by mountains and the bay and sea were abundant, which significantly influenced the development of the Greeks' transportation, ** and maritime culture.

1. Please briefly describe how the natural conditions of ancient Greek civilization influenced the development of its culture. 2. Briefly describe the manifestations of civilization during the Axial Age.

The peculiar nature of the geographical environment of ancient Greece had a great influence on the development of its culture. First of all, the Greek peninsula is surrounded by mountains and rich bays and seas, which significantly affected the development of the Greeks' transportation, ** and the development of the sea culture.

The Mediterranean-type climate of Greece was mild and pleasant, which led the Greeks to concentrate on and carefully cultivate cereals, grapes, olive trees, and other vegetation, so that agriculture became the main part of their economy. This aspect influenced the understanding and expression of nature by Greek thinkers, philosophers, and poets. Therefore, the uniqueness of the natural conditions of ancient Greece made its culture more diverse and unique.

The Axial Age refers to a series of highly civilized periods between the 8th century BC and the 3rd century BC in Asia, Europe, Africa and other regions. During this period, the civilizations of many regions of Jueluo showed the following characteristics and manifestations:1

Urbanization: The emergence and rapid development of cities became an important feature of the society of the time. The degree of urbanization of the population has greatly increased, and the urban management system has become more and more perfect.

2.Development of agriculture and handicrafts: People have become more dependent on agriculture and handicrafts for their livelihoods.

Large-scale irrigation and innovation in agricultural technology have improved the productivity and quality of agricultural products. The development of the handicraft industry also provided stable support for the commerce and ** of the city.

3.Scientific and technological innovation: The development of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophical and other fields has promoted the progress of mathematics and natural sciences. At the same time, the development of civilization also led to a higher level of innovation in engineering and architecture. 4

4.The prosperity of culture and art: epic, poetry, mythology, literature, Wang Jian**, dance and other art forms have been vigorously promoted and have become important humanistic expressions. Forms of mausoleum in the arts, such as architecture, sculpture and painting, have developed in a unique and diverse way.

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