Why doesn t value be expressed in terms of labor time certificates?

Hehe... For example, have you ever considered agriculture, the basic industry for human survival? In the event of a global natural disaster and a large-scale reduction in the yield of food crops, assuming that agricultural workers work the same working hours and work intensity as other industrial workers, can they get corresponding time certificates?

If so, then how do you think humanity should distribute the sudden reduction in the amount of agricultural products that have been distributed around the world due to the reduction in production, and everyone still has the same time credentials?

In fact, it is not possible to reap the rewards of time and labor.

Socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions and under the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

First, the so-called "existing normal conditions of production in society" refer to the conditions for the production of the vast majority of products in a certain sector of production at that time (not the conditions of production for the vast majority of producers). Chief among them is what kind of tools of labor are used. For example, if the vast majority of the cloth in the society is woven by machines, and a small part is woven by hand or computer, then the machines used are the existing normal production conditions of society.

Second, "social average labor proficiency and labor intensity" refers to the average labor proficiency and labor intensity that most producers can achieve under the same production conditions. For example, under the same production conditions of machine weaving, due to the high and low technical level of each producer, the production experience, the physical strength is strong and weak, and the labor attitude is diligent and lazy, so the labor proficiency and intensity are not the same, and the labor time of the production of the same piece of cloth is also the same, there are fast and slow, and the value of the cloth can not be determined by the fast or the slow, but by the labor time consumed by most producers or enterprises, that is, the socially necessary labor time. The amount of value of a commodity is determined by this socially necessary labour time.

Of course, the more scarce the more valuable, if you look at the wages of the current tile carpenter, it has risen a lot in recent years, because there are many fewer young people willing to do this business.

As far as the same commodity is concerned, the specific production time of different producers is different, and this time is the individual labor time, and the individual labor time is very different and different.

The amount of value of a commodity cannot be determined by individual hours of labor. If the quantity of value of a commodity is determined by the time of individual labour, not only will the same commodity not have the same quantity of value, but the lazier and less skilled the person, the greater the value of the commodity he produces. This is unreasonable and does not motivate commodity producers to improve technology and increase labor productivity.

Therefore, the amount of value of a commodity can only be determined by the socially necessary labour time for the production of the commodity, and not by the individual labour time. Socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time required to produce a certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions and under the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

The amount of value of different goods can be compared.

We say that the amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time, and in essence, the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor expended in socially necessary labor time.

The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity, and there is doubt about this may be because there should be a cost problem, but in fact its cost is mainly human labor and raw materials, and raw materials are obtained by human labor, so the final product is still condensed with undifferentiated human labor.

Regarding the second question, there are many factors that affect **, 1Supply and demand also affect**, supply exceeds demand, ** will naturally be high, diamonds are rarer than nuts.

2.Diamond ore is more difficult to find and difficult to mine than ordinary iron ore.

3.In fact, making a nut is much easier and requires much less labor time than producing a diamond.

Their value is the same, because they are all satisfying similar specific human needs (i.e., the same use value), so they are the same commodity, and the value is the same. What you call socially necessary labor time is actually individual labor time, and it is clear that if the cost of raw materials is not taken into account, a polyester fiber product is almost completely uncompetitive, either to improve the technology or to withdraw from the market.

Of course, this can be compared.

1.Why is it that the necessary labour time is used to produce the value of labour power or the value of variable capital, and is it not only used to produce the value of labour power?

Answer: The value of labor is the value of variable capital, because "variable capital is the part of capital used to purchase labor" (textbook 2018 edition p186), then the value of labor is not the value of variable capital.

2.Doesn't variable capital create the value of labor and surplus value in the process of production?

A: That's not quite true. Because the value of labor power and surplus value are not created by variable capital, the original text of the textbook is "the new value created by workers includes not only the value equivalent to the value of labor power, but also a certain amount of surplus value", which can be understood that variable capital only buys labor power, and labor power creates new value, and the new value includes the value of labor value and surplus value.

That is to say, surplus value is not created by variable capital, but by variable capital, the value of labor is created, and the reason is 1Variable capital is the purchase of labor, so the value of the two (variable capital and labor) is the same.

3.So the range of value of variable capital is greater than the value of labor, how can they be juxtaposed? How can we explain that the rate of surplus value is equal to the ratio of surplus labour to necessary labour?

Answer: The value of variable capital is equivalent to the value of labor (see Reason.

The rate of surplus value is, first of all, equal to the surplus value divided by variable capital, and the denominator variable capital, its value is equivalent to the value of labor power, and the necessary labor is used to produce the value of labor power, that is, the value of the production of variable capital, so the denominator variable capital can be replaced by necessary labor.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that necessary labor time is not socially necessary labor time, and secondly, the value of labor is wages.

Again, there is no such thing as the value of variable capital, which is the capital used to purchase labor, so wages = labor value = variable capital.

The amount of value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labour expended in producing it, but why can't it be determined by the individual labour time expended by any one commodity producer?

Answer: The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor expended in producing it. The amount of labour is measured in terms of the duration of labour, and therefore the value of a commodity depends on the amount of labour time spent producing it.

However, the amount of value of a commodity cannot be determined by the individual labour time actually expended by each commodity producer in producing the commodity because:

First, the subjective and objective conditions under which each commodity producer produces a commodity are different, and the individual labor time they spend producing the same commodity is also different. If it is determined by the individual labor time actually expended by each commodity producer in producing the commodity, the same commodity will not have the same amount of value, which is not conducive to the exchange process.

Second, the determination of the amount of value of a commodity by individual labor hours is not conducive to technological progress. If the commodities produced by the producers of commodities with poor production technology, backward means of production, lazy work, and low proficiency in labor, the value of each commodity produced is greater because of the long individual labor time consumed, and the longer the labor time consumed, the greater the value of each commodity; However, the commodities produced by those commodity producers with good production technology, advanced production tools, diligent work, and high labor proficiency are small because of the short individual labor time of the yak consumption, and the value of each commodity produced is small, so this situation is actually encouraging backwardness, which is obviously extremely unreasonable, and the value of the commodity cannot be determined in this way.

Thus, the value of a commodity is determined not by the individual labour time that produces it, but by the socially necessary labour time for the production of it.

The value of commodities is inversely proportional to the labor productivity of the market, the productivity is high, and there are more products, so that the supply of commodities exceeds demand, resulting in the reduction of commodities; Productivity is low, products are less, commodities are in short supply, and commodities are rising.

The amount of value of commodities is directly proportional to the productivity of individual labor, when the productivity of individuals is greater than the productivity of the market, you have more goods, but the goods have not changed, so the total value of your goods has increased.

To put it simply, the quantity of value is the size of the value of a unit of goods, then the total value can be understood as the sum of the value of a certain commodity produced in a certain period of time, the total value = the value of the unit commodity x the quantity of the commodity - for example, assuming that the socially necessary labor time for the production of a certain piece of clothing is 2 hours (the value of the commodity can be expressed in monetary terms, that is, **, then assuming that it is expressed in currency as 100 yuan), then the total value of the clothes in 10 hours = 100 yuan x 5 pieces = 500 yuan. Later, due to the general increase in labor productivity, the socially necessary labor time was shortened to 1 hour (regardless of other factors, at this time, the monetary expression should be 50 yuan), then the total value in 10 hours = 50 yuan x 10 pieces = 500 yuan. In this way, you should be able to understand why the total amount of value has nothing to do with socially necessary labor time.

Theoretically, this is because once the socially necessary labor time is reduced, the amount of products that can be produced in the same amount of time will increase year-on-year, and the two will cancel out, and the result will of course not change. Vice versa. - Turning to the second question, you should be clear that the quantity of value is determined by socially necessary labor time, and has nothing to do with individual labor time.

Then if the individual labor time consumed by a manufacturer to produce goods is shortened, then for this manufacturer, the number of products that can be produced in the same time will increase, according to the formula: total value = unit value of goods x number of goods, it is easy to know that the total value is proportional to the number of goods (individual labor time does not affect the value of goods, and the value does not change, so it does not need to be considered), that is to say, the total value is inversely proportional to individual labor time (the shorter the time spent by the manufacturer, the more quantity can be produced, The greater the total value, of course; The longer the time, the smaller the number and the smaller the total). The key to understanding this problem is to grasp the formula for calculating the total value, and if you are still unsure, please ask.

Independent. Because the amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time, it is the change in social labor productivity that causes a change in socially necessary labor time, and thus a change in the amount of value of the commodity. As long as the change in individual labor productivity does not cause a change in the labor productivity of society, it can be regarded as independent of the amount of value of the commodity.

The total amount of value has an equal relationship with the productivity of social labor, and is directly proportional to the productivity of individual labor. The total value is equal to the product of the quantity of the commodity and the amount of value per unit of the commodity. Because the productivity of social labor is inversely proportional to the amount of value of the commodity and directly proportional to the quantity of use value, the higher the productivity of social labor, the greater the amount of use value produced per unit of time, and the smaller the amount of value per unit of commodity, so the product of the quantity of use value and the value of the unit commodity remains unchanged.

The amount of use-value is directly proportional to the productivity of individual labor and the productivity of social labor. The increase in the productivity of individual labor and the productivity of social labor increases the amount of use-value produced.

What factors are involved:

1) **Determined by value. Value is the basis of value, and it is the monetary representation of value. All other things being equal** is proportional to the value.

2) **Affected by supply and demand. When a certain commodity is in short supply, ** is higher than the value, ****, and vice versa.

3) **Restricted by the issuance of banknotes, the issuance of banknotes exceeds the amount of money required in circulation, which will cause the depreciation of banknotes, prices**, and vice versa.

4) Factors such as the country's macroeconomic control, consumers' purchasing power, labor productivity of production enterprises, poor commodity circulation, and poor market management will also cause changes.

Value Decisions**:

1) Value is the basis of value, and it is the monetary expression of value. All other things being equal, the ** of the commodity is proportional to the amount of value.

2) The determinant of the quantity of value of a commodityThe amount of value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce that commodity. The amount of value per unit of commodity is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity, inversely proportional to the social labor productivity, and has no direct relationship with individual labor time.