The historical evolution of Cizhou kiln, the main characteristics of Cizhou kiln

Cizhou kiln Futian site is located in the Fengfeng mining area of Handan City, Hebei Province, southwest of Pengcheng Town. The southern slope of Tomita Village is the most numerous, concentrated, and well-preserved site.

1. Tire: Cizhou kiln tire due to the use of local green clay or loess. There are two types of fetal quality:

A kind of gray-white, blue-gray, fragrant gray, and the fetus is fine. The other is yellowish, brownish-red, and the fetus is coarse and loose. In order to make up for the lack of gray and yellow carcass, in addition to black glaze, Cizhou kiln generally uses white makeup soil to decorate the tread.

It is also called powdered ground. This is the main feature of Cizhou kiln porcelain.

2. Glaze: glaze has white glaze, green glaze, black glaze, brown yellow glaze, etc. The white glaze and green glaze are mostly white makeup soil as the base, and after the pattern is decorated, it is covered with transparent glass glaze.

Its glaze layer is uniform, there are no tear stains, and some have open pieces. Black glaze and yellow glaze do not use the makeup studio to apply foundation, and apply glaze directly on the carcass.

3. Type: Cizhou kiln type is mostly household utensils. Such as: bottles, jars, cans, stoves, pillows, plates, chains, bowls, basins, boxes, bowls and other household utensils.

The production process of Cizhou kiln is as follows:

1. Processing process: mineral processing, raw material processing, batching, loading and grinding, running, grinding and screening, and stale rot.

Second, the molding process.

1. Design: Draw the pattern of the work according to the artistic concept.

2. Modeling: According to the design drawings, the circular ware works are rotated out of the mold with a machine wheel; Figures, animals or alien works are made of plastic clay to sculpt mud withering.

3. Mold making process: painting, sub-line, sluice, oiling and gypsum slurry, gypsum slurry injection, mold repair, fan making.

Fourth, the forming process.

1) Grouting forming: mold cleaning, mold clamping, concentration, cooping, grouting, slurrying, mold opening, repairing, bonding, sealing, drying, and plastering.

2) Blank forming: mud dehydration, mud training, mud kneading, blank drawing, spinning blank, bonding, stamping (lettering) dry and dry.

3) Blank forming: mold cleaning, mold closing, mud rubbing, blank printing, mold opening, blank repairing, bonding, stamping (lettering) drying.

Fifth, plain firing process: blank inspection, shed board loading kiln, into the kiln, kiln firing, cooling, kiln opening.

Sixth, the glazing process: check the water concentration on the tire, the glaze, the glaze, the glaze, the drying, the glaze, the clear foot.

7. Glaze firing process: support shed board, shed cleaning board, sand sprinkling, kiln loading, kiln into the kiln, kiln firing, cooling, kiln opening.

8. Inspection process.

Inspection and grading: inspect the finished products one by one, grade them according to the standards, register and store them for more than **, and destroy them after defect analysis for defective products.

The significance of the historical demolition of Cizhou kiln:

Cizhou kiln is famous for the production of white glaze and black color porcelain, black and white contrast, strong and distinct, the pattern is very eye-catching, carving, scratching, ticking, filling color and other use, and creatively the Chinese painting techniques.

In the form of a pattern, it is skillfully and vividly drawn on porcelain, which has a fascinating artistic charm. It created a new way of porcelain painting and decoration in China, and also laid the foundation for the great development of blue and white and painted porcelain in Jingdezhen after the Song Dynasty.

The production process of Cizhou kiln: processing process, modeling process, molding process, forming process, plain firing process, glazing process, glaze firing process, inspection process.

1. Processing process: mineral processing, raw material processing, batching, loading and grinding, running, grinding and screening, and stale rot.

2. Modeling process: draw the work pattern according to the artistic concept, and according to the design pattern, the round ware works are rotated out of the mold with a machine wheel; Figures, animals or alien works are made of plastic clay to sculpt clay.

3. Mold making process: painting, sub-line, sluice, oil, gypsum slurry, gypsum slurry, mold repair, fan making.

Fourth, the forming process: grouting forming, blank forming, blank forming.

1. Injection and closed slurry forming: mold cleaning, mold clamping, concentration, cooping, grouting, slurrying, mold opening, blank repairing, bonding, stamping, drying, plastering.

2. Blank forming: mud dehydration, mud training, mud kneading, blank drawing, spinning blank, bonding, stamping (lettering) drying.

3. Blank forming: mold cleaning, mold clamping, mud rubbing, blank printing, mold opening, blank repairing, bonding, stamping (lettering) drying.

Fifth, plain firing process: blank inspection, shed board loading kiln, into the kiln, kiln firing, cooling, kiln opening.

Sixth, the glazing process: check the water concentration on the tire, the glaze, the glaze, the glaze, the drying, the glaze, the clear foot.

7. Glaze firing process: support shed board, shed cleaning board, sand sprinkling, kiln loading, kiln into the kiln, kiln firing, cooling, kiln opening.

8. Inspection process: inspect the finished products one by one, grade them according to the standards, register and store them for more than one year, and destroy them after defect analysis for defective products.

The artistic characteristics of Cizhou kiln

In Cizhou kiln, not only white porcelain, ink porcelain, yellow porcelain, green porcelain, three colors, and on the basis of white porcelain fired underglaze painting, and the decoration techniques are extremely rich, becoming the representative work of Cizhou kiln. "The History of Chinese Civilization" called it a wonderful thing in the history of Chinese ceramics.

With the traditional firing skills of Cizhou kiln as the core, it has also formed a ceramic industry culture including folk culture in the business block, oral literature, kiln building art, etc. At its peak, the temple fairs in Pengcheng Ancient Town amounted to more than 20 per year, which promoted the ceramic trade activities, produced unique and rich business customs, folk tales, production proverbs, and left a large number of utensils, texts and paintings.

Porcelain runs through the entire Chinese civilization, Chinese porcelain is famous all over the world, and porcelain is also very famous in China's Handan culture, especially the porcelain of the Cizhou kiln system. Cizhou porcelain has been created since the Song Dynasty, and it is a famous folk porcelain kiln in China. Let's check it out!

Among the types of porcelain, Li Xiao, in addition to blue and white porcelain, my favorite is the black and white porcelain of the Cizhou kiln system. So on this trip to Handan, my friend arranged a visit to the Cizhou kiln site and museum, and of course I was overjoyed.

Cizhou kiln was created and burned in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and reached its peak, the Southern Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing, has continued, there is still firing, it is the largest folk kiln system in the ancient north of our country, and it is also one of the famous folk porcelain kilns in China, its name, second only to the five famous kilns of the official kiln. Cizhou kiln is famous for the production of white glaze and black color porcelain, black and white contrast, strong and distinct, the pattern is very eye-catching, carving, scratching, ticking, filling color are all used, and the potters creatively will be Chinese painting techniques, in the form of pattern composition, skillfully and vividly painted on porcelain, with fascinating artistic charm. It not only created a new way of porcelain painting and decoration in China, but also laid a solid foundation for the development of blue and white and painted porcelain in Jingdezhen after the Song Dynasty.

The most basic feature of the aesthetic culture of Cizhou kiln is to apply a layer of makeup soil on the tire with low whiteness and relatively loose to achieve the technological effect of coarse porcelain. However, the colorful chapter of the aesthetic culture of Cizhou kiln is written on this layer of white makeup soil. The industrious and intelligent potters, with their own hands, have created a series of breathtaking decorative techniques, such as removing the makeup soil, resulting in a harmonious contrast between the tire color and the makeup soil, painting black flowers on the white makeup soil, that is, "rust flowers", or adding a layer of black makeup soil to remove black and leave white, etc., which not only produces the unique ink and wash interest of Chinese painting, but also creates a bright, vivid and rich decorative art effect with strong contrast between black and white.

With this strong contrast as a means of expression, the extremely free, chic, and elegant style of painting is used to depict the popular themes or Japanese "auspicious themes" with folk cultural significance that are popular in the closed mode folk sedan chair, and gradually formed Pengcheng Town in Fengfeng Mining Area of Handan City and Guantai Town in Zhici County (including Yezi, Dongaikou, Shenjiazhuang South Lotus, Qingwanhe, Qingwanyao, Jiabi Guanbingtai, etc.).

Seven or eight kilns) is the kind of Cizhou kiln aesthetic culture with the unique simplicity, free and easy, bold and rough as its aesthetic style and aesthetic taste.

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Main features: black flowers on a white background, brown tires, white makeup soil, black flowers in the Song Dynasty, brown in the Yuan Dynasty, smooth and casual patterns, the effect exceeds that of Western freehand paintings. There are also decorative methods such as engraving and defloration. The artistic level is very high.

The Cizhou kiln system is the largest folk kiln system in the north of the Song and Jin dynasties, with the Cizhou kiln in Cixian County, Hebei Province as the center, and the kiln fields are widely distributed in Hebei, Henan and Shanxi provinces. Jiangxi Jizhou kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty also fired Cizhou kiln style porcelain. Most of the kilns in Cizhou kiln system are comprehensive porcelain kilns, and they also burn white porcelain, black porcelain, painted porcelain, three-color pottery and other varieties.

White porcelain is the main product of Cizhou kiln, the shape is most common in plates and bowls, and there are bottles, cans, water bowls, mirror boxes, toys, etc. White porcelain can be divided into two categories with its different enamel textures: one is the imitation kiln products, the fetal soil has been washed, relatively fine, the tire color is white or yellow-white, the glaze layer is thinner, the enamel is shiny, and the whole body is glazed except for the bottom foot, among which the difference between high-quality products and fixed porcelain is very small; The other type is coarse white porcelain, the carcass is heavy, the carcass is rough, it is earthy yellow or reddish-brown, the impurities are obvious, there is a layer of makeup soil on the tire, most of the inner wall is full of glaze, the outer wall is half glazed, and the outer wall of some utensils can clearly see the porcelain fetus, makeup soil, white glaze 3 layers.

Black porcelain is also a bulk of Cizhou kiln products, and the shape of such products is mainly cans, bowls, bottles, as well as plates, pots and toys. The tire is rough, the tire color is yellow-brown, the carcass is thick, the glaze layer is thick, and the black is pure. Most of the utensils are glazed inside, semi-glazed outside, some are half-glazed inside and outside, and some pots are glazed only on the edge of the mouth.

In addition to the pure black of the black glazed bowl, there are also some oil droplets, rabbit hair, tortoiseshell spots and other kiln decorations. The output of green porcelain is not large, most of them are Jin Dynasty products, and the main shapes are pots, plates, vases, wine bottles, etc.

Underglaze painting is a unique decorative technique of Cizhou kiln, with glaze color, there are white glaze underglaze color and green glaze underglaze color to color, then there are black color and brown color patterns, with floral patterns, such as peony, lotus, etc., there are also some animal patterns, such as fish, butterflies, reed geese, herons, etc., as well as a small number of dragons, phoenixes, characters are rare, mainly on the pillow baby play picture. The ornamentation of the Cizhou kiln in the Song Dynasty is really vivid, has the interest of life, the most worth mentioning is the pillow surface decoration of the porcelain pillow, in addition to the common lotus pond small scene, the wind reed songbird, the bamboo chrysanthemum peony, the most wonderful is the baby play, circus, animals and other ornaments. In addition, there are a large number of poems, songs, aphorisms, etc.

Song and Jin Cizhou kilns also produce three-color ware, especially in the Jin Dynasty.

During the period of the two Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Pengcheng and Linshui were located in the most economically and culturally developed areas of the Central Plains, and became the famous places of interest in the western suburbs of Jingshi Yecheng. The pottery technology has also become mature, and celadon and cosmetic white porcelain have been fired, completing the leap from pottery to porcelain. In the past archaeological investigation, it was found that the kiln site of Linshui kiln, unearthed more than 100 pieces of celadon bowls, more than half of these utensils began to apply white makeup soil at the mouth, covered with blue-yellow transparent glaze, and the makeup part showed yellow-white, which is the primary stage of the transition from glazed pottery to white porcelain in Cizhou kiln.

In 1975, an ancient kiln site of the Tang Dynasty and fragments of white porcelain were found in Linshui. It shows that at this time, the firing of white porcelain in Cizhou kiln has entered a mature period, and the kiln ware has also been changed from branch firing to cage (sagger) bowl firing.

The Cizhou kiln of the Song Dynasty is a famous folk porcelain kiln in the north of our country, and the kiln site is in Pengcheng Town, Handan City, Hebei Province, which is named after Cizhou in ancient times. In addition, the Dangyangyu kiln in Xiuwu County, Henan Province, the Pacun kiln in Yu County, Henan, the Hebi kiln in Tangyin County, and many folk porcelain kilns in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places all belong to the Cizhou kiln system.

In the area of Pengcheng Town and Guantai Town in Cixian County, Fengfeng Mining Area, Handan City, Hebei Province.

Cizhou kiln is a treasure of traditional Chinese porcelain-making technology, the largest folk kiln system in ancient northern China, and also a famous folk porcelain kiln, with the saying of "Jingde in the south and Pengcheng in the north". Cizhou kiln was created and burned in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty and reached its peak, and the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties still continued.

The craftsmen of Cizhou kiln absorbed the traditional techniques of ink painting and calligraphy art, and created a black painting decorative art with ink painting style, which opened a precedent for Chinese porcelain painting decoration.