The main exponents of the contingency school are:

Contingency theory. A school of thought is a school that studies the interconnection within and between the subsystems of an organization, as well as the relationship between the organization and its environment, to determine the types of relationships and structures of various variables. The rise of the school in the United States in the late sixties and early seventies of the twentieth century, further developed on the American empiricist school, founded by Losh, represented by Fred Lusans, Fiedler and Woodward.

Chinese name. The school of contingency theory.

Foreign name. contingency theory school

Main theories. Contingency theory, situational theory.

Representative figures. Fred Lusans, Fiedler.

Representative figures. Fred Luthans, a professor at the University of Nibrascar, USA and a leading representative of the contingency school in the Department of Economics and Management, published the article "Contingency Management Theory: The Road Out of the Jungle" in 1973, and in 1976 he published "Introduction to Management:

A Contingency Doctrine. This paper systematically introduces the theory of contingency management, and puts forward the view that various management theories can be unified by using contingency theory.

Fred E. FidlerFiedler), University of Washington, Seattle, USA.

Professor of Psychology and Management, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

and a visiting professor at the University of Louvain, Belgium. Since 1951, he has studied leadership from the perspectives of management psychology and empirical environmental analysis, and put forward the "contingency leadership theory", which has had an important impact on the development of leadership and management in the future. His major publications include A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness (1967), Adapting Work to Managers (1965), The Contingency Model: A New Direction for Leadership Effectiveness (1974), and The Leadership Game

Matching people and the environment", etc.

Its representatives include Lusans, Fiedler, House and others.

Briefly describe the main points of the contingency theory school

A:Contingency theory refers to the theory that management depends on the environmental conditions in which it is located, and contingency means equity contingency.

This school of thought believes that management practices depend on the environment, and that management should be adapted to internal and external conditions

1) Break through the traditional theory of viewing the organization as a static and relatively closed system, believing that the environment is constantly changing, and there is no immutable, universally applicable, and ideal organizational management model. It is necessary to concretize the role of the environment on the organization, and closely link management theory with management practice.

2) It is proposed that there is a functional relationship between environmental variables and management variables, which is the contingency system, which is the core content of contingency management theory, and the external environment is divided into two types: one is composed of social, technological, economic, legal and political (STEP analysis), and the other is composed of leaders, customers, competitors, employees and shareholders. The internal environment is basically a formal organizational system, including organizational structure, decision-making procedures, communication and control, and technical conditions.

Management variables refer to various management concepts and techniques. Organizations should adopt appropriate management methods based on different relationships.

3) In order to solve the problem well, it is necessary to conduct a lot of investigation and research, and then classify the situation of the organization, establish a model, and select and adjust the effective organization method accordingly.

The contingency theory school tries to integrate the theories of various schools of thought through "expediency". Posture clump beard.

The representative of the Western school of contingency theory is Joan Woodward.

According to the relevant information query, Joan Woodward, a representative of the contingency theory school, a British female management scientist, a professor at the University of Britain, and one of the main representatives of the contingency theory of organizational design.

The study of contingency theory began in the 60s of the 20th century and gradually formed a system in the 70s. Its emergence and development reflect the needs of actual management activities under certain historical backgrounds. The representatives of the contingency school are Lawrence, Lossy, and Woodward.

The contingency school arose from the empirical school represented by Drucker and Dale (1954).

The empirical school also has two origins: the school of human relations (Mayo's Theory of Human Relations) and the classical school (Fayol's General Management). The empirical management school focuses on the study of different managerial experiences in specific situations and conditions, and similarly denies that there are any "universal management principles".

In addition, management theories such as the social systems school and the theory of socio-technical systems have also had a certain influence on it.

The founder of the Contingency Theory school was Rosh, and the representatives were Fred Lusans, Fiedler and Woodward. The contingency theory school is the management school proposed by Losh, which arose and further developed in the American empiricist school in the late sixties and early seventies of the twentieth century.

Lusans, Fiedler, House, etc.

1. The ideological structure of contingency management.

The ideological structure of contingency management is that there is a certain functional relationship between management and the environment, but it is not necessarily a causal relationship. This functional relationship can be interpreted as an "if-to-want" relationship.

2. The organizational structure of contingency theory.

It is based on the idea of contingency, and sees the organization as an open system that is both influenced by and influenced by the external environment.

3. Contingency of personnel management perspective.

Based on the idea of contingency management, it is believed that different management methods should be adopted in different situations, and they cannot be the same.

Fourth, the leadership style perspective of contingency theory.

The contingency theory school believes that there is no universal "best" or "bad" leadership style, and that everything depends on the tasks of the organization, the behavioral characteristics of individuals or groups, and the relationship between leaders and employees.

It is also known as improvisation, situational determinism, management situational theory, or situational management theory. His point of view is that there is no immutable and universally applicable best management method, and that corresponding management measures must be flexibly taken according to the functional relationship between the independent variables of the internal and external environment and the dependent variables such as management ideas and management techniques, and the management style should be suitable for the nature of work and the quality of members.

The main idea of Federer's contingency theory is that there is diversity in the behavior of leaders and the goals they are pursuing. The existence of this diversity is determined by the differences in basic needs among leaders.