The influence of Chinese and Western economies on Sino Western relations during the Ming and Qing dy

In the early Ming Dynasty, the agricultural economy. From the middle to late Ming Dynasty, it was always a small peasant economy and the germ of capitalism. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, he adopted a policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce to crack down on the commercial economy.

The germ of capitalism was strangled in its cradle. After 1840, the economic system became a small-scale peasant economy and incipient capitalism.

The root cause of China's backwardness in modern times is that it is closed to the outside world and that agriculture is suppressed by business.

1.The Ming Dynasty established the eight-strand liberal arts examination system, which limited people's thinking by using the eight-strand method of taking scholars. In addition, the influence of Song Ming theory on people's thinking has limited the scientific and technological innovation of the Chinese people. Without attaching importance to science and technology, modern China's science and technology began to lag behind, while the West's science and technology developed rapidly.

2.Closed off the country. Zhu Gaochi, the son of Zhu Di, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, ordered to close the country and reduce the sea **.

The feat of Zheng He's voyage to the West during the Ming Shizu period came to an end in his heyday. Since then, China's HNA has been in decline. By the time of the Qing Dynasty, there were only about 200 fishing boats at sea each year.

During the Tang and Song dynasties, because of the development of the sea, there were many exchanges with foreign countries, and the economy and culture were developed. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the isolation of the country, it led to the backwardness of science and technology, and China began to quickly lag behind the world.

3.Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted, and forms of employment appeared in the Jiangnan area.

However, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong's uprising, coupled with the entry of Qing troops, quickly suppressed the budding capitalism. During the Yongzheng period, many measures were taken to emphasize agriculture and suppress business, the commodity economy could not develop, the productive forces and the relations of production promoted each other, the productive forces were frustrated, and the relations of production could not be developed. As a result, the economic system has not been able to quickly transform from an agrarian economy to a capitalist one, and science and technology have not developed well.

First of all, the main purpose of all diplomatic activities is to seek economic development. During the Ming Dynasty, the West was in the process of industrialization, and exchanges between China and the West were relatively frequent. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the reform of Western monetary policy and the economic crisis affected the Ming Dynasty, making prices unstable, people's lives difficult, and uprisings broke out.

By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the country was closed to the outside, and there were few exchanges between China and the West.

Answer] :(1) Conflict: the anti-Japanese struggle between the Ming Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty; Portuguese colonists invaded Macao; The Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan; Ming's maritime ban policy and Qing's "closed country" policy.

2) Exchanges: During the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He went to the West to promote exchanges between China and countries and regions in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the east coast of Africa, and the Red Sea. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jesuits came to China to preach, spread modern Western culture, and promote the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures.

3) The culture, conflict and exchange between China and the West are intertwined. Whether it is an exchange or a conflict, it is a further integration of Chinese and Western cultures, enriching the content of world culture and promoting the development of world culture.

Summary. The changes in the overseas policy in the middle of the Ming Dynasty were mainly manifested in the following aspects: the policy of "prohibiting foreign trade" was implemented at the beginning.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty implemented a policy of "prohibiting foreign trade", prohibiting private merchants from engaging in overseas affairs, in order to prevent foreign merchants from controlling the Chinese market and preventing Chinese merchants from losing national wealth overseas. In the third year of Yongle, the attitude of the Ming Dynasty towards private overseas ** has changed again, and it has begun to acquiesce in the existence of private maritime ** and no longer promulgate maritime ban decrees.

The changes in the overseas policy in the middle of the Ming Dynasty were mainly manifested in the following aspects: the policy of "prohibiting foreign trade" was implemented at the beginning. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty implemented a policy of "prohibiting foreign trade", prohibiting private merchants from engaging in overseas affairs, in order to prevent foreign merchants from controlling the Chinese market and preventing Chinese merchants from losing national wealth overseas.

In the third year of Yongle, the attitude of the Ming Dynasty towards private overseas ** has changed again, and it has begun to acquiesce in the existence of private maritime ** and no longer promulgate maritime ban decrees.

The reason why the dispute between the opening of the sea and the forbidden sea in the Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for many years.

The main reasons why the dispute between the opening of the sea and the prohibition of the sea lasted for many years in the Ming and Qing dynasties were: political factors. Smuggling and piracy are on the rise. The Forbidden Sea faction believes that it is necessary to regain the constitution of our ancestors, legalize the regulations on the prohibition of the sea, strictly prohibit foreign traffic, and strengthen the military defense along the coast to resist the pirates and pirates.