What was the performance of commercial development in the Ming and Qing dynasties?

1. Agriculture (1) The land system -- the tenant system has spread throughout the country and has become the main form of rural economy, and the personal dependence of tenant farmers on landlords has weakened.

2) Crops - the agricultural economy is highly developed, the double-cropping rice is expanded in a large area, high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potatoes are introduced and promoted, and cotton is widely planted.

2. Handicraft Industry (1) After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the government-run handicraft industry declined, and the private handicraft industry dominated the handicraft industry, and the handicraft industry in the Jiangnan region appeared in the germ of capitalist production relations (marked by wage labor), but the development was slow.

2) Raw material for metal smelting - coke smelting was popular in the Ming Dynasty. (3) Cotton textile industry - Songjiang became the center of cotton textile in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and cotton cloth became the main clothing material in the late Ming Dynasty. (4) Porcelain industry: Ming - Doucai and colorful porcelain; Qing – pastels and enamels.

3. Commerce (1) Form a number of commercial towns with economic functions as the mainstay. (2) Currency - ** widely circulated. (3) A large number of agricultural and sideline products are put into the market.

4) The strength of the regional business group has increased. (5) The ruling class implements a policy of valuing agriculture and suppressing business, and closing the country to the outside.

There was the budding of capitalism, the rise of commercial towns, the monetization of agricultural products, the emergence of merchant gangs, and the introduction of high-yield crops.

1. The formation and emergence of regional commercial centers. The local markets are closely linked, and the trend of regional division of labor is obvious.

2. Urban and rural commerce is prosperous, and ordinary bazaars are widely distributed.

3. Business gangs are active in various places. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, not only the number of businessmen increased, but also different business groups with local characteristics, namely merchant gangs, appeared.

4. Intervention in the economy is slowly weakening.

The performance of commercial development in the Ming and Qing dynasties is as follows:

1. A large number of agricultural and sideline products are put into the market.

2. A large number of industrial and commercial towns have emerged in the south of the Yangtze River with the economic function of dry zone.

3. The regional business group is strong.

4. The phenomenon of free labor becoming a commodity in the countryside has gradually increased.

Reasons for the growth of commercial development during the Ming and Qing dynasties:

1. Productivity: improve production technology and management level.

2. Relations of production: the reform of the tax system, the weakening of personal dependency relations, and the emergence of the germ of capitalism.

3. Politics: political unity, social stability, and the ruler encourages production.

4. The hard work of the people.

The basic production structure of the Ming and Qing dynasties:

The basic production structure of the Ming and Qing dynasties was a small-scale peasant economy that combined small-scale agriculture with cottage industry, and a combination of subsistence production and commercial production.

With the continuous improvement of the degree of commodity production of this small peasant economy and the increasing development of private handicrafts, the market for the commodities they demanded became larger and larger, commerce became more and more prosperous, and some obvious changes took place in the commodity structure, the internal structure of the merchants, and the social status of the merchants.

The distribution, transshipment, and sales of commodities, the acquisition of raw materials, and the purchase of labor are all inseparable from the hidden market. With the development of commodity production, the urban and rural commodity markets have expanded more and more, and a market network consisting of rural markets, municipal markets and regional markets has been formed.