How did human society come about? After the emergence of human beings, what social forms did human s

Human society is a special part of the whole natural world, which emerged with the emergence of human beings at a certain stage of the development of the natural world.

The formation of human society is not mainly a biological process of the evolution of human physiological organization and mechanism, but a process of formation of social relations such as common human activities and mutual interactions based on labor. The direct ancestor of man was once a social animal, and in the face of the harsh nature they had to compensate for the lack of individual abilities with the combined strength and collective activity of the group.

Engels once called the ancient apes that lived in groups"Socialized animals", call them group relationships"Social instincts"。He noted"Our ape ancestor was a socialized animal, and man, the most social of all animals, obviously could not have developed from a non-socialized recent ancestor"(Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 3, p. 510).

The social instinct of group relations of human ancestors is one of the most important levers in the evolution from ape to man. In line with the development of labor, this group relationship became more and more extensive and close, and finally became a social relationship in the true sense with the emergence of human beings.

First, the three major costs of human society formation.

In fact, human beings did not have a social system from the beginning, but evolved to form a social group in the first place, and the purpose of forming social groups was to defend against natural enemies.

A small number of people is too easy to be eaten by natural enemies, and a large number of people may not really defeat natural enemies, but it can play a role in encouraging each other and deterring natural enemies, and the role of natural deterrence is more common.

But the size of a group is bound to bring many problems, and there are three main costs:

1. Direct costs.

The immediate cost is that too many people will inevitably grab food, habitat, and conflicts caused by daily frictions.

2. Indirect costs.

The indirect cost is that competition for food expands the range of foraging and increases the time spent looking for food, so the time spent on other things is reduced.

3. Hitchhiking.

This situation is too commonplace, and as soon as there are more people, it is inevitable that many people will start to be lazy, hitchhike, and enjoy their success.

How to solve these three costs?

2. The two main lines of human evolution: the social brain hypothesis and the time allocation template.

In response to the formation of society, Dunbar proposed a two-day main line of human evolution: the social brain hypothesis and the time allocation template.

In layman's terms, human beings can only manage larger social relationships if their brain capacity continues to expand, and at the same time, there must be enough time to maintain social relationships, and the two are mutually reinforcing, social promotes cognition, and cognitive improvement expands socialization.

First of all, the number of human social relations, that is, the size of the group, depends on the cognitive ability of the person, which is closely related to the capacity of the brain.

Secondly, primitive humans maintained social relationships by grooming each other, and in the process of grooming each other, the human brain would release the happy-making antafen, similar to dopamine.

Human society was not created by human beings, human society grew out of animal society, and it is completely a natural and spontaneous process.

As soon as the number of population structure increases, the internal regulating mechanism is forced to emerge, and this is the germ of social organization. As the population increases, a division of labor will inevitably occur. Because people's uniform work cannot satisfy the civilized mode of life of human beings, the division of labor is highly differentiated at the same time as the population skyrockets, and once the division of labor appears, the degree of social disorder increases, which forces the contract rule and the rule of law to arise automatically.

Humans were derived from Australopithecus.

Humans can be traced back to ancient ancestors living in the present day.

2. Forest Australopithecus 30,000 years ago.

In the process of long-term arboreal life, they lead to the gradual differentiation of limbs and changes in body structure, which creates conditions for the formation of body erection, division of labor between the front and rear limbs and a developed sensory system, which is the internal basis for the evolution of Australopithecus. Between 20 and 12 million years ago, there was widespread orogeny on Earth, and the original dense forests were gradually replaced by sparse forests and forest grasslands. Australopithecus had to turn to the grassland, and the changed living environment created external conditions for the further differentiation and development of forest Australopithecus.

Human beings grow in labor. Labor is the first basic condition of the whole human life. Labor turned Australopithecus into a human and continued to drive human growth.

According to the geoarchaeological data, the development of prehistoric humans can be divided into four stages: early ape-man, late ape-man, early homo sapiens, and late homo sapiens. The tools of labor, social life, and the physical characteristics of human beings are different at each stage. The next stage is more developed and more progressive than the previous stage, and this is inseparable from the development of social labor.

In order to realize the effective distribution of energy in the sphere, according to the ideal way of circulating operation and utilization, according to the fear of individual selfishness to formulate certain rules, so the strong in the central position formulated rules to achieve the absolute status of the distribution and effective use of the energy obtained, and at the same time standardize the operation mode of individuals at all levels, resulting in an orderly ideal state of motion.

Ancient China has always emphasized "the outer circle and the inner square", so when we do things, we also change from full of edges and corners to gradually become smooth, which also shows the process of human maturity.

This means that this kind of sleekness is also the most suitable way to survive.

But sleekness also represents the loss of individuality and the motivation for development.

So there will never be a truly perfect sphere, and perfection also represents the beginning of destruction.

If divided by different criteria, human society can be divided into the following three periods.

The first type: primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, socialist society, communist society.

The second type: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Agricultural Age, the Industrial Age, and the Information AgeThe third type: the ancient period, the ancient period, the medieval period, the modern period, and the modern era are divided into the following from the perspective of archaeology:

1. Stone Age.

2. The Bronze Age.

3. The Agricultural Era.

Fourth, the industrial age.

Fifth, the information age.

Human society has gone through five social forms: primitive society; slave society; Feudal society; Capitalist society; The first stage of the communist social form - socialist society.

The word society refers to a structure that consists of a certain economic base and superstructure. It generally refers to groups of people who are connected to each other by common material conditions. Human society is naturally formed, and different forms have taken on different forms in different periods.

Primitive communist society, because human beings were formed gradually, the means of survival and living were extremely scarce. Food, protection from the cold in winter, protection from the sun in summer, and protection against the invasion of wild birds and beasts are all difficulties for human survival.

In order to survive in the world, human beings must unite closely, love each other, help each other, and cooperate with each other, so as to naturally form a political and economic whole, resist all kinds of difficulties and dangers of survival, and live strongly.

Only at this time can human beings form a closely united whole and form a strong social energy that they can overcome all kinds of difficulties and hardships in their existence, survive, reproduce, develop and progress to the present day.

A family, clan, nation, country, group, stratum, and class all operate in accordance with a certain economic foundation and spiritual needs, and form a certain form of social organization. Some are naturally formed, while others are man-made.

The forms of social organization formed naturally are all natural phenomena that exist in objective reality. The artificially created forms of social organization all have a certain artificial purpose.

Slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society are all artificially created societies. In these social forms, the economy is the foundation of society, and politics is the orientation of society, both of which revolve around the production and life of human beings.

However, the development and progress of human society is not subject to human will, but operates in accordance with certain laws of nature, human life, and social development.

Human intervention and adjustment are sometimes extremely necessary, timely and desirable, and play a certain social pole role. Sometimes, it plays the opposite role of hindering, destroying the ecological environment and conditions of nature, people and society, and affecting the development and progress of human society.

The history of the development of human society clearly records the entire process of human existence, life and production. Human beings are to live in the world, and this is the most fundamental purpose. Humanity has come a long way, is it going to continue?

Perhaps this is the law of development of human society!

June 14, 2021.

Matrilineal society refers to a matrilineal clan society, also known as a female society. In the early and middle stages of clan society, the matrilineal clan, that is, the social organization based on matrilineal blood relations, is the clan system that calculates lineage and inheritance property according to the matrilineal line, and is the first stage of clan society.

In the early matriarchal clan period, the primitiveness of human physique basically disappeared, and it was called "new man", which belonged to the archaeological late Paleolithic period. By the late matrilineal clan system, modern man was formed, which belongs to the early Neolithic period. The fossils and cultural relics of new humans in China are all over the country, and their main representatives are the Hetao people, the Liujiang people, the Shiyu people and the cave people on the top of the mountain.

Matrilineal clans practiced primitive communism and an equal distribution of the products of labor. Early matrilineal clans had their own language and names. The same clan has a common blood relationship and worships a common ancestor.

Clan members live together during their lifetimes and are buried in a common clan cemetery after their deaths. With the advent of primitive agriculture and livestock rearing, women, as its inventors, were respected in production and economic life, as well as in society, and achieved a dominant position and dominance.

The matrilineal blind fighting society is a primitive social system. During the long primitive period, most peoples went through the history of matrilineal clans for tens of thousands of years. To this day, there are still peoples in the world who have not completely escaped the influence of matriarchal society.

In today's Africa, the distribution area of the "** Bantu" ethnic group is the place where the matrilineal color is most retained. It roughly includes southern Zaire, north-central Zambia, northern Angola, southern Tanzania, Malawi and northern Mozambique, and is mainly composed of Congolese, Ronda, Mbara, Eliel, Luchazi, Malawi and Makunde.

In the societies of these ethnic groups, there is still matrilineal inheritance and traceability, and the wife and husband live in the uncle's house after marriage, and there is a loose matrilineal family. For example, after the birth of a child of a Ronda who lives in his father's house for only 5 or 6 years, he must move to his uncle's house; Congolese children do not move to their uncle's house until they are 10 or 12 years old; In other ethnic groups, they moved to their uncle's house after their father's death or after they became married.

Most of these ethnic groups practice service marriage, that is, the man has to work for the woman's family for one or more years. At the end of his or her service in his father-in-law's house, a man can take his wife back to his father's house, move back to his uncle's house, or set up his own business in his mother's village. They mostly moved back to their uncle's house, because most of the time they were by their uncle's side, and they were raised by their uncle, and they generally had a weak relationship with their biological father.

In addition, in the southern coastal areas of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in Africa, that is, in the distribution areas of the Akan and Lagun tribes, there is also a strong matriarchal color. In their traditional society, each local chief had to have a female supporter, known as the chief's "mother." In the administration of justice, she is more authoritative than the chief.

The Empress Dowager was the most influential person at the side of Ashanti and Fonti Tuwang, and her power was no less than that of Cixi, who listened to the government during the Qing Dynasty in China.

In addition to these two regions, there are many ethnic groups in Africa that have also preserved the remnants of matrilineal system to varying degrees, and are at different stages of the transition to patrilinealism.