Is there any material on dialectics, and what is dialectics? What are the contents of dialectics?

The ninth volume of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels includes Engels' Anti-Dühring Treatise written in 1876-1878 and excerpts from Engels' Dialectics of Nature written in 1873-1882. Anti-Dühring is an important work of Marxism written by Engels to criticize the erroneous views advocated by Eugen Dühring in the fields of philosophy, political economy and socialism, and for the first time systematically expounded the three components of Marxism - philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism. In the Introduction, Engels expounded the formation process of historical materialism and materialist dialectics, as well as the fundamental differences between historical materialism and idealistic historical outlook, dialectics and metaphysics, and pointed out that Marx's historical materialism and the theory of surplus value have transformed socialism from a utopian fantasy into a science.

The contents of dialectics are:

1. Unity of opposites.

It is also known as the unity of opposites and the law of struggle. It reveals the characteristics of objective existence (nature, human society, human thinking, etc.), all of which contain inherent contradictions, and are all the unity of contradictions The internal contradictions of things are the source and driving force of the development and change of things, and promote the development of things.

2. Mutual change of quality.

The law of mutual change of quality reveals the characteristics of the development process and state caused by the contradiction of things, and the form of development and change.

It is the dialectical unity of quantitative and qualitative change, continuity and discontinuity. The "three-step" development strategy for the development of the national economy is the specific application and embodiment of the law of quantitative change and qualitative change; "Step by step," "not fighting unprepared battles," "being prepared for no trouble," "preventing the slightest slight," "making decisions at the right time," and so on are all concrete manifestations of the law of quantitative change and qualitative change in ideological and work methods.

3. The negation of negation.

It reveals the characteristics of the process of contradictory movement, and tells people that contradictory movement is the manifestation of vitality, which is characterized by self-denial and transformation into opposites. Therefore, the law of negation of the negation of the liquid trace constitutes the essence of the dialectical movement. In the law of affirmation and negation, the focus is on the law of negation of negation.

The law of negation of negation reveals the whole process of the development of things, the dialectical negation is the balance of this law, and the development of things is the unity of progress and twists and turns. Everything contains two factors, affirmation and negation, and the unity of their opposites promotes the development of things themselves, from the affirmative stage to the negation stage.

Dialectical thinking is to interpret and look at the world according to the objective world as it is.

Our world is a world of universal connection, eternal development and contradiction.

Therefore, dialectical thinking is to look at the world from a connected point of view rather than an isolated point of view, from a development point of view rather than a static point of view, and from a contradictory point of view rather than a one-sided point of view.

A philosophical doctrine about the general laws of movement, development, and change of the contradictions of things. Dialectics holds that things are in constant motion, change, and development, and these are caused by the internal contradictions of things.

To put it simply, one side says a point, the other side points out the problem, and the other side responds to the correction, and so on, and so on, until a certain level of debate is finally reached.

Dialectics is sophistry.

In formal logic, the law of non-contradiction: p p=0 expresses that two contradictory propositions cannot exist at the same time (at the same time or at the same time);

p p=1 expresses that two contradictory propositions can exist at the same time (at the same time or at the same time), which is of course a false proposition.

Dialectics, however, confuses it with the simultaneous existence of p p=1, i.e., contradictory propositions that can arise in time.

For the law of p p = 1, the dialectic also confuses it with "the two sides of the contradiction can be converted into each other", that is, the daily so-called "anti-verbal and untrustworthy" is described as a universal law.

We must look at problems and think about things comprehensively, not one-sidedly, see the favorable as well as the unfavorable, and see changes rather than static, that is, look at problems from a developmental, comprehensive, and contradictory viewpoint.

The dialectical point of view is a movement, connection, and contradictory view of problems, and the view of things in the midst of change, that all things are in a universal connection, and that things are divided into two.

Dialectics is the method of unifying speculation and empirical evidence.

There is a process in the development of dialectics that unifies speculative and empirical nature. The first stage of the development of dialectics is to reach the truth through debate, which is the speculative stage of the development of dialectics. The second stage is to reveal the universal laws of the development of the universe, which is the empirical stage of the development of dialectics; The third stage, which is the unification of speculation and empirical, is the synthesis of the previous two stages, that is, the stage of the unity of speculation and empiricality. If the first stage is the dialectic of epistemology, the second is the dialectic of ontology, and the third stage is the symmetrical dialectic of the unity of ontology and epistemology.

The dialectic that unifies speculative and empirical nature is symmetrical dialectic, which is the highest stage of the development of dialectics.