30 points High school biology homework, urgent!

1.(1) The similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts [similarities: both have a double membrane and matrix, and both contain DNA.

Differences: respiration is carried out in mitochondria, photosynthesis is carried out in chloroplasts; There are crest in mitochondria but not in chloroplasts, and basal grains in chloroplasts but not in mitochondria. 】

2) The difference between mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast matrix and cytoplasmic matrix [the main components of mitochondrial matrix are proteins and lipids; The main components of chloroplast matrix are water, inorganic salts, proteins, sugars, and pigments. The main components of cytoplasmic matrix are water, inorganic salts, amino acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and pigments.

2.Organelle induction:

a.From the structural point of view:

Peculiar to higher animals: [Golgi apparatus. 】

The lower plants have: ribosomes, centrosomes. 】

Cell structure unique to higher plants: [Golgi apparatus. 】

Biofilm: Monolayer membrane organelles: [endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles. 】

Double-layer membrane organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria. 】

Membraneless organelles: ribosomes, centrosomes. 】

b.Judging by the ingredients.

Pigments: vacuoles, chloroplasts. 】

Contains DNA and RNA: chloroplasts, mitochondria. 】

RNA only: Ribosomes. 】

Contains phospholipids and proteins: [endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles. 】

Protein only: [centrosome. 】

c.From the point of view of function:

Self-replicating: [chloroplasts, mitochondria. 】

The product is water: [Mitochondria. 】

Synthetic organic matter in plant cells: chloroplasts, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. 】

Synthetic organic matter in animal cells: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. 】

d from the level of observation:

Structures that can be seen under the light microscope: [mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles. 】

Structures that can only be seen in the electron microscope: ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes. 】

Structures that can be seen under electron microscopy and light microscopy: mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. 】

Connections from cell structures:

Secreted proteins generally refer to: [Proteins secreted by cells to perform a certain function outside the cell. 】

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(1) The similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts both have a double-layer membrane structure and have the function of energy conversion, but the way of energy conversion is different Contains a small amount of DNA and RNA, which can be transcribed and translated to form some of its own proteins and semi-autonomous replication, which belongs to cytoplasmic heredity Both consume water and produce water and participate in the carbon cycle in nature.

Differences: Increasing the membrane area: The inner mitochondrial membrane folds into the inner lumen to form a crest, and chloroplasts are stacked by thylakoids to form a matrix.

Types of enzymes Mitochondria contain enzymes involved in oxygen respiration, and chloroplasts contain enzymes involved in photosynthesis.

Physiological function Mitochondria are aerobic respiration.

Where the second and third stages are carried out, chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.

ATP pathway ATP produced by mitochondria is used for various life activities except photosynthesis dark reaction, and ATP produced by chloroplasts is used for the synthesis of organic matter in dark reactions.

2) The difference between mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast matrix and cytoplasmic matrix contains different chemical components and different physiological functions.

2.Organelle induction:

a.From the structural point of view:

Higher animals and lower plants endemic to centrosomes.

Cell structures unique to higher plants: chloroplasts, vacuoles.

Biofilm: Monolayer membrane organelles: [endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles.

Double-layer membrane organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria.

Membraneless organelles: ribosomes, centrosomes.

b.Judging by the ingredients.

Contains pigments: chloroplasts, vacuoles.

Contains DNA and RNA: chloroplasts, mitochondria.

RNA only: Ribosomes.

Contains phospholipids and proteins: [endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles.

Contains only proteins: ribosomes, centrosomes.

c.From the point of view of function:

Self-replicating: mitochondria, chloroplasts, centrosomes.

The products are water: mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus.

Synthetic organic matter in plant cells: ribosomes, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum.

Synthetic organic matter in animal cells: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.

d from the level of observation:

Structures that can be seen under a light microscope: mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles.

Structures that can only be seen in the electron microscope: ribosomes, centrosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.

Structures that can be seen under electron microscopy and light microscopy: mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles.

Connections from cell structures:

Secreted proteins generally refer to: [Proteins secreted by cells to perform a certain function outside the cell.

Is this the topic of the first year of high school?

The answer is: a.

a, in the process of synthesizing toll-like receptors, it is necessary to go through the process of transcription and translation, of course, the participation of deoxynucleotides;

B is false, the immune response caused by the toll-like receptor should be non-specific immunity because it is not directed against a specific pathogen;

C False, there are some descriptions in the question stem: Toll-like receptors are a large family, and there are 13 members of the Toll-like receptor family that have been found in mammals and humans so far, which can be distributed on more than 20 kinds of cells. It cannot be ruled out that one mammalian has the same toll-like receptor species as another mammal;

Both toll-like receptors and interleukin-2 are proteins that sense invading foreign microorganisms and mutated cells in the body, thereby initiating an immune response.

Option B; The explanation is as follows:

Option A: From the question "TOLL gene, the protein it encodes is called TOLL receptor", it can be seen that this receptor is a protein, and the raw materials required for its synthesis are amino acids, not deoxynucleotides, so A is wrong;

Option B: From the question "Sense the invading foreign microorganisms and the mutated cells in the body, so as to initiate the immune response", it can be seen that the receptor can specifically recognize antigens (i.e., foreign microorganisms and mutated cells in the body), thereby initiating cellular immunity, which is specific immunity, so B is correct;

Option C: As can be seen from the question, there are 13 types of Toll-like receptors; That is, no matter what kind of mammal, there are 13 toll-like receptors, that is, different species of mammalian toll-like receptors are the same. It's like all living things have 20 amino acids, and the amino acid species have nothing to do with the biological species, so c is false;

Option D: Toll-like receptors can sense invading foreign microorganisms and mutated cells in the body. Acts similarly to lymphokine (i.e., interleukin), hence the D error.

Although I don't understand D, ABC can be ruled out, it should be D

A receptors are proteins, and DNA is not needed to synthesize proteins

b What immunity can not be determined, wrong.

c, same.

Agree, it should be D, interleukin 2 is a cytokine, not a receptor, mainly to promote the growth of some immune cells.