What will happen to genomics after personal genome sequencing is reduced to less than 500 yuan?

Many of the frontier problems in genomics cannot be solved by reducing the cost of sequencing alone. For example, the non-coding RNA mentioned by another respondent. Now at an average cost of $5,000, we've got thousands of individual genome sequences.

Theoretically, there is enough data to identify and label the vast majority of unknown non-coding RNAs, but why can't we do it now? It's because of our lack of awareness of non-coding RNAs. On the other hand, we have a full understanding of the genes that encode proteins, from the commonality of sequence structure (codons, introns and exons of the three bases, promoters, and transcription factor binding domains) and function (protein-related studies).

Most of these understandings come from the crystallization of research in other fields such as genetics and molecular biology that began in the 60s of the last century. Before the launch of the Human Genome Project, scientists had already cloned tens of thousands of genes from various species into vectors one by one. Therefore, we must first study the structure and function of genes at the molecular level before we are qualified to propose the study of the genome (the word group should be capitalized).

Therefore, if you want to study non-coding RNAs, the first step is to study them carefully one by one on a case-by-case basis, rather than coming up with high throughput. Similarly, the bottleneck of frontier directions such as chromatin 3D reconstruction and single-cell genomics is not the cost of sequencing. <>

If the cost of sequencing is further reduced to 500 RMB, it will only be nearly 100 times, so the impact is very limited: it will not exceed the two aspects mentioned in the previous paragraph. Specifically, on the one hand, it can be measured deeper and wider.

For example, a country** can easily undertake a 1,000-person or 10,000-person genome project; We can take all the common animals and plants and test them again; Measure the genome and transcriptome of an animal or person at regular intervals to see ...... temporal differencesOn the other hand, sufficient data will promote bioinformatics research from individuals to groups, and from groups to intergroups. For example, if you measure the representative species of all genera in a family, you can deduce the evolutionary relationship between these genera; Anthropology is a study of human origins; Functional genomics and many more ......<

Aging that causes gray hair and wrinkles in human beings has always existed, but what is it that forms the accumulated aging factors in the structure of living organisms?

1. Enrichment analysis (KO) sample requirements sample collection: the consistency of sample collection conditions is the most important link, sampling in strict accordance with the sampling standard, and sealing the sample for cryoppreservation immediately after sampling.

2. There is still some distance, so you can get your complete Qingzhuxiao primer sequence. Since there will always be some bases at the beginning of the sequencing that cannot be read accurately, it is best to clone and sequence if you want to get the full sequence of your PCR product.

3. Answer: To engage in gene sequencing work, you should study (biology). Genomics (biology) is the study of biological genomes and how to use genes.

4. First of all, the gene classification is carried out, such as the proportion of coding genes in the manuscript and the proportion of non-coding genes; What is the proportion of transcription factors, what is the proportion of protein kinase genes, and so on. The genome of the species is then compared to other sequenced genomes, including size, homology, etc.

5. The total number of bases, totallymappedreads, and uniquelymappedreads are counted from the data, and the sequencing is analyzed in depth.

The first step is to look for cells that contain only one genome. Standard human cells contain two pairing sets of DNA, a maternal copy and a paternal copy, but the team used DNA from a group of cells called intact moles, which contained a paternal DNA copy. Complete molar pregnancy is a rare pregnancy complication caused by abnormal growth of cells originating from the placenta.

This approach simplifies the genome so scientists only need to sequence one set of DNA instead of two.

The second is that since our DNA is inherited from our parents, all humans basically carry two genomes, one from their mother and one from their father. Each parent, in turn, shares a genome with their parents, and so on. Considering other relatives like brothers, sisters, uncles, cousins, etc., things can quickly get messed up.

After all, even if it would be nice for the babies in question to have their genetic data in the national database, their grandparents may not be that keen on it.

In addition, new sequencing technologies can detect the most common mutations, but the resolution of the various mutations and genome types present in tumor cells is not high. Researchers have long expected that DNA sequencing resolution can be reduced to single cells, which is important for studying cellular heterogeneity that exists in many complex biological systems, especially for studying human tumor genome mixtures.

Know that spinal microbes are found in almost every corner of the planet, and they have a huge impact on ecosystems and host health. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies that combine biological data with underlying genetic relationships has rapidly improved our understanding of the species diversity of microbial communities. While metagenomic sequencing provides a glimpse into the complex microbial community, the data itself may be incomplete and limited.

Therefore, when scientific research requires the use of this technology, it is important to make an objective judgment about metagenomic sequencing.

It is possible to sequence the survival genes of people as well as the genes of the brain. By sequencing these tung genes, we can effectively improve the survival ability of human beings, and we can obtain the defective genes of human noise, and transform them to adapt to life.

Summary. Hello dear, happy to answer your <>

Now that genome sequencing is fast and cheap, it has been proposed that whole genome sequencing should be performed as soon as a person is born, and whole genome sequencing refers to the sequencing of the entire genome of an individual, which can provide a large amount of genetic information, including information on the individual's disease risk, drug response, etc.

With the continuous development of sequencing technology, the cost and time of whole-genome sequencing are decreasing, so it has been proposed that whole-genome sequencing should be performed on every newborn. This practice is somewhat controversial. First, the cost of whole-genome sequencing is decreasing, but it is still high.

Second, whole-genome sequencing generates a large amount of data that requires highly specialized analysis methods and personnel to interpret it, otherwise it can cause waste and confusion of information. In addition, whole-genome sequencing also has some ethical and legal issues, such as privacy protection, genetic discrimination, etc. Therefore, although whole-genome sequencing technology has broad application prospects, it needs to consider many factors in practice, especially ethical and legal issues.

Now that genome sequencing is fast and cheap, it has been proposed: as soon as a person is born, whole genome sequencing should be done, okay.

Hello dear, happy to answer your <>

Now that genome sequencing is fast and cheap, some people have proposed that as soon as a person is born, he should be sequencing the whole genome of an individual, which can provide a large amount of genetic information, including information on the individual's disease risk, drug response, etc.

With the continuous development of sequencing technology, the cost and time of whole-genome sequencing are decreasing, so it has been proposed that whole-genome sequencing should be performed on every newborn. This practice is somewhat controversial. First, the cost of whole-genome sequencing is decreasing, but it is still high.

Second, whole-genome sequencing generates a large amount of data that requires highly specialized analysis methods and personnel to interpret it, otherwise it can cause waste and confusion of information. In addition, whole-genome sequencing also has some ethical and legal issues, such as privacy protection, genetic discrimination, etc. Therefore, although whole-genome sequencing technology has broad application prospects, it is necessary to consider many factors in practice, especially at the level of ethics and law.

A gene is a DNA sequence that exists in the cells of an organism, it is the basic unit of genetic information, and controls the genetic characteristics and life activities of an organism. Genes encode the genetic information of organisms, determine the morphological characteristics, physiological characteristics and behavioral characteristics of organisms, and are the basis of biodiversity and evolution. Genes function through the process of DNA replication and transcription, which is translated into proteins.

Genes can also produce other kinds of functional molecules, such as RNA and regulatory synphylins.

Okay, school.

Human genome: refers to all the genetic information carried by human DNA molecules. It is composed of 24 double-stranded DNA molecules (including chromosome 1 and 22 DNA and chromosome X and Y chromosome DNA), with 3 billion base pairs and more than 3 billion base pairs on it.

3 billion base pairs, too large to tell you exactly what the sequence looks like. But can tell you: the Human Genome Project:

1. Concept: refers to the analysis and determination of the nucleotide sequence of the human genome. 2. Main contents:

Four maps of the human genome, i.e., genetic map, physical map, sequence map, and transcription map. Drawing these four maps is like building a "map of the human body", and along the road signs in the map, such as "genetic markers", "physical markers", etc., you can find each gene step by step and figure out the nucleotide sequence of each gene. 3. Progress:

On June 26, 2000, scientists from six countries announced to the world that the "sketch of the human genome" had been completed. It is expected that by 2003, the "fine mapping of the human genome" will be completed.

4. Significance: (1) It is of epoch-making significance for the diagnosis of various diseases, especially various genetic diseases; (Beneficial for the diagnosis of diseases and **.) (2) It is also of great significance to further understand the regulatory mechanism of gene expression, the mechanism of cell growth, differentiation and ontogeny, and the evolution of organisms. (Conducive to the study of gene expression and regulation mechanisms); It is beneficial for the study of the evolution of living things.

3) It will promote the development of biological high-tech and produce huge economic benefits. (conducive to the cultivation of excellent varieties of plants and animals). In addition, researchers from the Quag Vant Institute in the United States, the Toronto Children's Hospital, and the University of California recently released the genome sequence of Quag Vant, which is the first time in the world that the genome sequence of a single individual diploid has been published, and the preliminary analysis report was published in the latest issue of PLOS Biology.

It is already difficult to give a definite answer to this question. Here's why:

1 There is no unified registry system for genome sequencing projects in the world. Whether or not sequencing is or is being sequenced depends entirely on project applications or published articles.

2 Many species are tested for multiple subspecies, e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis (pathogenic and non-pathogenic), so the data available is that by January 2008, approximately 706 genomes had been sequenced and published, and 2654 genomes were being sequenced.

You need to be clear about what output you're going to end up getting.

If you want to use your existing data to build models for diagnostics or **, go out and turn left on biogenesis and machine learning.

If you want to annotate new genes with your existing data, go right to natural language processing and genome assembly.

If you want to use your existing data to find disease-related gene pathways in the network, go straight to differential expression analysis. However, first of all, you have to have a server that can run, secondly, you have to have the attitude of reading the literature by yourself and not reaching out to the party, and finally, if you are new to NGS, it is recommended to start with a certain type of data (such as RNA-seq), and do not touch other data before eating a class, otherwise you will really cry when you make all the type I errors. <>

It is important to note the following points: in the assembly process, the assembly software assembles the sequencing data as if it came from the same genome; If there is exogenous DNA pollution, there will be different degrees of similarity sequences and non-similarity sequences in different ** DNA, and these complex relationships will interfere with the assembly software, and the software can only cut off the suspicious part into different fragmentation sequences in order to ensure the accuracy of the assembly, resulting in the final assembly result can only obtain fragmented sequences, and lose the effect that the assembly itself wants to achieve; If a sufficiently closely related reference genome can be found for contamination isolation, the above results can also be improved to some extent. However, because the exogenous DNA itself may carry certain similar sequences, and there will be potential differences between the target genome and the reference genome, the segregation results will produce certain false positives and false negatives. In summary, even if the assembly is performed after contamination isolation, it is not possible to meet the assembly standard of pure DNA.