The earliest manifestations of hypokalemia are diabetes mellitus Hypokalemia What medications are av

Intensive Care for Acute Stroke The main indications for intensive care for acute stroke are: 1. Worsening transient ischemic attack; 2. Cerebral artery occlusion; Lin Niantong, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College3, basilar artery thrombosis; 4. Multiple emboli or inflammatory emboli; 5. Increased intracranial pressure; 6. Thrombolysis** or high capacitance**; 7. Intracerebral hemorrhage accompanied by obvious mass effect, or bleeding from important parts; 8. Stroke patients with serious medical diseases: such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, endocarditis, hypertension or hypotension, sepsis, aspiration pneumonia, water and electrolyte disorders, renal insufficiency, endocrine disorders.

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation? It can be divided into acute and chronic aortic regurgitation. (1) The main causes of acute aortic regurgitation are endocarditis (perforation of valve leaflets), aortic dissection and trauma, and severe can cause acute left heart failure and cardiogenic shock.

2) The causes of chronic aortic regurgitation include rheumatism (which stiffens the valve and prevents it from closing properly), endocarditis (destroying the integrity of the valve leaflets), congenital aortic valve anomalies (such as bivalvular valvence), ventricular septal defect with aortic valve prolapse, and ascending aortic disease that causes the aortic root to dilate (ascending aortic aneurysm, Marfan syndrome). (3) Other factors of valvular insufficiency include ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative diseases, vascular collagen diseases, and symphysis defects caused by aortic rupture.

(a)**:chronic undereating; diuretics such as futimide; insufficient potassium in rehydration fluids; vomiting, gastrointestinal decompression; Potassium is transferred into the tissues.

II. II. IIClinical manifestations:muscle weakness, once the respiratory muscles are involved, it can cause dyspnea; paralysis, tendon reflexive hypotrophy or disappearance; abdominal distention, intestinal paralysis; Arrhythmia.

(3) Diagnosis: 1Blood test indicators,Serum potassium concentration decreases, L, blood pH at the upper limit of normal or, sodium ion concentration at the lower limit of normal or < 135mmol L.

2.Urine test indicators,The urine potassium concentration decreases, the urine pH value is acidic, and the urine sodium excretion is more than that of filial piety.

3.Electrocardiogram,The most skillful early manifestations are ST segment depression, T wave depression, widening, inversion, and the occurrence of this δ wave, and the Q-T time is prolonged, and the above changes can be improved after potassium supplementation.

(4)**:Acute hypokalemia should be treated with urgent measures**; Chronic hypokalemia as long as the serum potassium is not less than 3 mmol L, it can be tested first** and then **done**. Serum potassium and magnesium concentrations should be monitored during potassium supplementation to correct disorders in water and other electrolyte metabolism.

General**:1Potassium supplementation,It depends on the level of potassium in the blood.

People with potassium in the blood do not need to take extra potassium supplements, just eat more foods that contain more potassium, such as fresh vegetables, juices and meats. When serum potassium is present, potassium is given on a case-by-case basis. Potassium should be given if patients have had cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, heart failure on digitalis**, ischemic heart disease, and a history of myocardial infarction.

People who are generally well can be encouraged to eat only foods that contain potassium or take potassium preparations orally. Those with low serum potassium should be given potassium supplementation. Serum potassium and serum magnesium should be monitored during oral potassium preparations.

If serum magnesium is low, magnesium sulfate should be supplemented. 2.Corrects disorders of water and other electrolyte metabolismMany of the causes of hypokalemia can cause the loss of water and other electrolytes such as sodium and magnesium at the same time, so it should be investigated promptly and treated aggressively if found.

Daily Conditioning:Pay attention to food hygiene, actively ** the primary disease, ensure that the ground is clean and free of obstacles, the patient's clothing is suitable and not stumbling, the shoe size is appropriate, and the sole of the shoe should be non-slip. Diet:

Eat foods that contain more potassium, such as fresh vegetables, bananas, oranges, and meat.

a.Take long, deep breaths.

b.The lips are cherry red.

c.Twitching of the hands and feet, convulsions.

d.The reaction was wide open, and he was weak.

e.Nausea and vomiting, exhalation with a smell of acetone.

Correct answer: d

When the serum potassium concentration is lower, it is called hypokalemia. The clinical manifestations of hypokalemia are determined not only by the concentration of potassium in the blood, but more importantly by the rate at which potassium deficiency occurs. Symptoms usually occur when serum potassium is less than 3 mmolL.

Manifested as decreased nerve and muscle excitability: muscle weakness and weakness, severe cases of respiratory paralysis or paralytic intestinal obstruction, gastric dilation; Decreased or absent knee and abdominal wall reflexes. Cardiovascular symptoms:

heart rhythm disorders, decreased myocardial contractility, slow and wide drop in blood pressure, disturbance and even heart failure; In hypokalemia, ECG shows U-waves, ST-segment descent, T-wave depression, flattening, biphasic, inversion, and QT interval prolongation. Renal damage: the concentrating function of the kidneys is reduced, polyuria, and severe cases have symptoms of alkalosis.

Long-term hypokalemia can lead to nephron sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Chronic hypokalemia can reduce growth hormone secretion.

a.Diuresis. b.Abdominal distension.

c.Low blood wide rotten sugar.

d.Rhabdomyolysis.

e.Oliguria is cautious and leaky and the mask is pure.

Correct Answer: Polyuria; Abdominal distension. Rhabdomyolysis.

Answer]: Non-potassium-sparing diuretics such as furosemide and messy hydrochlorothiazide can cause potassium ions to rot with urine output, resulting in hypokalemia, and electrolyte testing is required when the two are used.