Solon s Reformation What Sauron did, historical status Impact

In 570 BC, Solon, the new consul of Athens, was ordered to form a special committee to initiate the reform of the rule of law and try to resolve the long-standing political and economic problems of Athens, which is Solon's reform. This reform improved the poverty of the common people and allowed them to participate in the political life of the state, thus alleviating social contradictions, and thus consolidating the foundation of Athenian state rule, and Solon was also known as one of the "Seven Sages" of ancient Greece.

Solon was born into an aristocratic family, but his wealth came mainly from ** rather than land, so he was quite alienated from the old aristocratic families, and sympathetic to the class and commoners who had become rich through trade, and he was also known for his wisdom and gentleness. As soon as the reform began, Solon issued the "Relief Order", that is, the people unloaded their burdens, which was a very radical reform initiative, which wrote off all debts in one fell swoop. This policy was widely embraced by the burdened plebeian class, but much to the displeasure of the aristocracy, as most powerful families had to pay a high price for it.

Then, Solon announced the abolition of "debt slavery", which means that there will be no more slavery due to debt in the future, and what is even more appreciative is that this reform measure also gives personal freedom to all Athenians who were previously enslaved due to debt, and even if they are sold overseas, Solon also strives to get their freedom back. This series of measures enabled Solon's reforms to gain widespread support from the very beginning.

Solon's reform is one of the most important social and political reforms in the history of the Athenian city-state and even the entire ancient Greece, which opened the way for the revitalization and prosperity of the Athenian city-state, and laid the foundation for the democratic politics of the city-state and even the Western democratic politics. Solon's values, as well as the institutions created during the reforms that favored the exercise of power by citizens, were of great significance to Athenian democracy.

The impact of Solon's reforms.

Politically: it struck at the power of the clan aristocracy, improved the Athenian political system, laid the foundation of the Greek democratic system, provided an institutional guarantee for the prosperity and development of Greece, and affected the establishment of the modern democratic system; Economically: laid the foundation for the prosperity of the slave industrial and commercial economy.

Economically. Abolish all debts of Athenian citizens as collateral for their personal lives, and prohibit borrowing against their personal collateral again.

Solon reformed the debt and forbade the conversion of the indebted commoners into slaves. The state paid for the redemption of those who had been sold into slavery in foreign countries due to their inability to repay their debts, and abolished the "Liuyi Han" system (the common people were unable to repay their debts, so they had to cultivate the land for the creditors, and handed over five-sixths of the harvest to the creditors as rent, and they could only keep one-sixth, so they were called "Liuyi Han"), this measure was known as the "Relief Order" in history.

Implement a series of measures conducive to the development of industry and commerce, including restricting grain exports and expanding olive oil exports; Monetary reform to facilitate the cracks in commerce**; Rewarding foreign artisans to emigrate to Athens and encouraging citizens to learn handicraft skills; Weights and measures were reformed, new Athenian coins were minted, and a number of laws were enacted concerning the inheritance of property, the prohibition of heavy burials, and the entrapment of relatives of citizens who sacrificed their lives for the country.

The recognition of the freedom of inheritance of private property eliminated all institutional remnants of the clan.

Solon's reforms took place in 594 B.C., and were the economic, political, and social reforms of the country. Solon's reforms promoted the economic development of the country, but also promoted the social reform of the country, affecting the gap between the poor and the rich, the social system was more perfect, and many laws were enacted.

In 594 B.C., Solon assumed the position of governor and president of Masahashi Peinori, reforming the economy and politics of the Kokuji Ryū family, reforming society, reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, and alleviating the problem of civil war.

Citizenship is no longer classified by birth but by the amount of property. Citizens are divided into four classes according to the total amount of agricultural income in a year (the quantity of cereals and other products changed by year is classified as 500 buckets, 300 buckets, 200 buckets, and less than 200 buckets, respectively), and the political rights of each class are determined according to their financial resources. Clause.

Citizens of the first and second classes may hold high official positions in the state; The third rank can hold low-level official positions; Citizens of the fourth estate cannot hold official positions, but have the right to participate in citizens' assemblies and popular courts.

The Council of 400 was established as a permanent body of the Citizens' Assembly and as the highest administrative organ. The Council of Four Hundred is composed of 100 members elected by each of the four tribes, and all citizens except the Fourth Estate can be elected.

The establishment of a jury court (also translated as a people's court, equivalent to the Supreme Court), as the highest judicial body, any citizen has the right to appeal. Jurors in the jury court are selected by lot from citizens of all ranks. Jury courts accept and decide cases of citizens' complaints or appeals, expanding citizens' powers.

Significance: This measure broke the monopoly of the aristocracy on the regime and laid the foundation for democracy in Athens.

Solon's reform was an important milestone in the historical development of the Athenian city-state, laying the foundation for Athenian democracy, contributing to the development of industry and commerce, adjusting the interests of different classes within the citizens' collective, and ensuring the economic, political and social status of the citizens who were small and medium owners engaged in labor.

Solon's reforms had already pioneered the attempt at democracy, becoming the originator of modern Western democracy, with a system of rotational government, republican and imperial forms of government, and these political models had been implemented in ancient Rome.

Significance of reform.

Solon's reforms did not favor the aristocracy or the commoners, and the fourth estate, which had the least income, did not enjoy the right to hold ** official positions and to run for election to the "Council of the Fourhundred". This policy of neutrality has failed to completely resolve social contradictions.

Cristini.

However, the reforms changed the situation of the aristocracy to a certain extent, and promoted the development of Athenian democracy and commodity economy.

Through these reforms, the poor citizens of Athens were freed from the threat of debt slavery, the rule of the aristocracy was struck, and the city-state system was strengthened. At the same time, by stipulating the maximum amount of land occupied by individual citizens, Solon prevented the excessive concentration of land, so that the city-state system developed healthily and democratic politics developed. Measures to protect and promote industry and commerce led to a rapid rise in the status of industrial and commercial slave owners, and the slave economy began to flourish.

Solon's reform was an important milestone in the historical development of the Athenian city-state, laying the foundation for Athenian democracy, contributing to the development of industry and commerce, adjusting the interests of different classes within the citizens' collective, and ensuring the economic, political, and social status of the citizens who were small and middle owners of their own labor.

Reform implications. Solon's reforms contributed to the development of industry and commerce, laying the foundation for the prosperity of the slave-owning industrial and commercial economy of Athens. The impact of Solon's reforms on Athenian democracy:

1. It has opened up a path to democratic politics.

2. On its basis, Cristhenes further completed the democratization of Athens.

3. At the time of Perikles, Athenian democracy was further improved.

1) Internal worries: 1. Reform is the inevitable product of the development of social contradictions in Athens.

The contradiction between the commoners and the nobility was very acute.

Politically, the aristocracy held important positions such as the chief consul, and held the Council of Elders, which was the highest decision-making, procuratorate, and judicial organ, and the citizens' assembly, which was the highest organ of power.

Economically, the aristocracy exploited the commoners through usury, land annexation, etc., so that the commoners were unable to repay their debts and became "Liuyi Han", and even the whole family became debt slaves.

The political tyranny and economic oppression of the aristocracy provoked a revolt among the plebeians, leading to political turmoil in Athens.

Industrial and commercial slave owners and aristocrats went to political opposition.

The development of Athenian industry and commerce (premise, performance, influence).

A class of industrial and commercial slave owners was formed, and the "coastal faction" and the "mountain faction" jointly opposed the aristocratic autocracy and demanded a shared struggle for political rights.

Reform was an inevitable requirement for the economic development of Athens.

Acute social contradictions led to social unrest and hindered the socio-economic development of Athens.

2) External Troubles: The external environment facing Athens also made Athens aware of the importance of reform. The economic and military power of the neighboring states caught up with and surpassed Athens. Megara even seized the island of Salamis, which dealt a heavy blow to Athens at sea **.

iii) Solon was elected chief consul and led the reforms.

Solon's "Mad Poet Incident" aroused the patriotic fervor and national dignity of the Athenians. Around 600 BC, Solon was appointed commander and recaptured the island of Salamis, his prestige grew, and Solon was elected chief consul and given the powers of "arbiter" and "legislator" to carry out reforms.

Reasons for Solon's reforms:

When Solon was elected chief consul in 509 BCE, social contradictions were acute due to the polarization between the rich and the poor and the serious antagonism between society at that time. Therefore, the main purpose of Solon's reforms was to eliminate contradictions and stabilize the social order in Athens. Therefore, he played the role of "mediator" mainly in the reform.

Therefore, many reform measures are undertones of compromise, which makes his reforms inevitably have historical limitations.

Solon Reform Conditions:

Objective conditions: The arbitrariness and oppression of aristocratic politics led to increasingly acute contradictions between commoners and industrial and commercial slave owners and the aristocracy, and the situation of social unrest hindered the development of the Athenian economy, making reform the only way out.

Subjective conditions: Solon's rich life experience, sufficient knowledge reserves, lofty ideals and ambitions, indomitable fighting spirit, wise struggle strategies, keen to seize opportunities and courage to conform to the trend of the times, etc.