Appreciation of the Yaozhou kilns of the eight major folk kilns

The genuine characteristics of Yaozhou kiln porcelain mainly depend on the tire, glaze and shape.

1. Tires. The tires of Yaozhou kiln porcelain are mainly grayish-white, and there are a few tires that are light gray or earthy gray. The texture of the tire of Yaozhou kiln porcelain is thin and hard, and its surface is slightly rough, without any leakage.

2. Glaze. The glaze of Yaozhou kiln porcelain has a variety of hues, mainly dark blue, green green, light blue, moon white, etc., mainly dark blue. Yaozhou kiln porcelain glaze has a fairly high level of technology, so its varieties are wide and rich.

3. Modeling. The shape of Yaozhou kiln porcelain is unconventional, its shape is delicate, the bottom foot is gradually smaller, the base is high and narrow, and the porcelain surface also has more complex decorative processes such as carving, printing, appliqué, etc., which makes the porcelain structure very peculiar.

Yaozhou kiln porcelain characteristics

In the Tang and Five Dynasties, the fetal quality was slightly loose and gray, and the enamel of the socks was impermeable and had a milky feeling; The celadon carcass of the Song Dynasty is relatively firm, the tire color is gray-brown or gray-purple, the enamel is smooth and transparent, the glaze is blue-green like olive, and the thin glaze is turmeric; When the gold and yuan tires are slightly coarse, the tire color is light gray or gray, the glaze is mostly turmeric, and the cyan ones are few. The enamel is sparse and not moisturized.

The decoration technique is mainly carved and printed, the carved flowers are particularly exquisite, the knife is sharp and smooth, strong and powerful, and the three-dimensional sense is strong. In the decorative arts, the ornamentation is rich and colorful. Patterns include animals, people, flowers, and patterns.

The animals in the pattern include dragons, phoenixes, lions, rhinoceros, horses, sheep, dogs, cranes, geese, ducks, fish, mandarin ducks, etc. The characters include baby play, Buddha elephants, wrestlers, etc. There are lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, plum blossom, aquatic weed, etc.

Patterns include: eight gui patterns, triangle patterns, back lines, etc. In terms of ornamentation, five generations ago was simple and generous; The Song Dynasty was rich and diverse, and the skills were exquisite and outstanding; The golden yuan time is getting simpler and simpler.

In addition to a large number of kiln imitation firing in Shaanxi, its skills have also spread to Linru, Yuxian, Baofeng, Neixiang and other kilns in Henan Province, and to the Xicun kiln in Guangdong and Yongfu kiln in Guangxi, forming a huge kiln system headed by the kiln in Huangbao Town.

The Yaozhou kiln of the Tang Dynasty mainly burned blue-glazed porcelain and black-glazed porcelain. At the same time, it also burns a kind of iron and magnesium crystal glaze, which is similar to the color of tea leaves, so it is called "tea glaze".

Tang Yaozhou kiln tea glaze injection.

1.Characteristics of the tire: in the early stage, it is mostly dark gray, only a few are gray and yellow, the tire is relatively rough, there are granular quartz and a small number of large pores, and there are often dot iron marks after firing.

Tang Dynasty celadon, the fetus is light yellow, rough, the fetal soil is not uniform, bubbles and granular matter can be seen in it. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the fetal quality gradually densified, the tire color is gray and black-gray, and the fetal soil often appears small dotted iron spots.

2.Glaze characteristics: Tang Dynasty celadon, the glaze is not fine enough, the glaze color is green brown or yellow, the transparency is poor, the glaze often lacks luster, and even wood light. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the celadon glaze was gray-green, gray-green or gray-green, with thin glaze, strong glass texture and good transparency.

3.Modeling characteristics: In the Tang Dynasty, there were fewer shapes before, all of which were thick-walled, and later there were more shapes and thinner walls.

4.Decorative techniques: appliqué, paint, and start scratching and stamping prints.

5.Characteristics of the loading and firing process: The Tang Dynasty mainly used the three-legged support pad method, and there were three-point burn marks in the center of the inner bottom of the plate and bowl after firing.

6.Glaze characteristics: applied under the mouth in the early Tang Dynasty, and then gradually developed downward; In the Middle Tang Dynasty, most of the outside of the vessel was decorated with glaze, and only the bottom of the vessel was exposed; Before the Tang Dynasty, the glaze was uneven, and there was a phenomenon of hanging glaze and flowing. In the late Tang Dynasty, the glazing part was lowered, so that the outside of the vessel often became the whole body glazing.

7.Characteristics of the bottom foot: in the early days, the wall thickness of the vessel was not dug (false circle foot), to the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the bottom foot of the bowl was the popular wide and short circle foot (jade bottom), the development law of this jade foot type bottom is, the early era of digging shallow and less, the left jade foot is particularly wide, the late era of digging foot is getting deeper, the jade foot is getting narrower, and the circle foot in the late Tang Dynasty evolved into a narrow jade ring bottom.

Throughout the Tang Dynasty, the bottom of the kiln was made with a large bottom, and the bottom of the vessel was exposed.

8.Variety characteristics: porcelain has, black, white, green, yellow-brown, flower glaze, tea foam, outer white and inner black, outer green and inner black, white glaze green color, white glaze brown color, plain tire black flower, green underglaze painted white color, green glaze black color, black glaze flower filling white color, white glaze brown green color and other high-temperature glazed porcelain, as well as Tang Sancai, low-temperature monochrome glaze and sulfur glazed tile.

Yaozhou kiln in the Song Dynasty is one of the famous kilns, in the Tang Dynasty is the famous production area of Chinese ceramic firing, the Song Dynasty further reached its peak, becoming the largest kiln system in China's "six kiln systems", and its products have become the representative of northern celadon. Yaozhou kiln began in the Tang Dynasty, when black, white, and celadon were burned, and celadon was greatly developed in the Song Dynasty, and the end of the Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday. Its kiln site is located in Huangbao Town, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, formerly known as Tongguan, which belonged to Yaozhou in the Song Dynasty, so it is called "Yaozhou Kiln", including Chenlu Town, Lidi Town, Shangdian Town and Yuhua Palace and other kilns.

It is one of the main production areas of folk celadon in the north of the Song Dynasty.

In the late Song Dynasty, the Yaozhou kiln was dominated by celadon, the tire was thin and firm, the glaze was smooth and even, the color was green and quiet, and it was translucent, which was very elegant. Decorated with carved flowers and prints, the structure is rigorous and plump, and the lines are free and smooth. The ornamentation is full of cloth inside and outside, there are many kinds, there are peonies, chrysanthemums, lotus, fish, ducks, dragons and phoenixes, etc., the style is rough and healthy, vivid and natural.

There are bowls, plates, bottles, jars, pots, incense burners, incense smokers, trays, bowls, bowls, etc.

Yaozhou kiln was the most prestigious in the celadon kilns in the north of the Song Dynasty, and it can be called a leader. During the thirty years from Shenzong Yuanfeng (1078-1085) to Huizong Chongning (1102-1106), he fired tribute porcelain for the imperial court. Its extraordinary porcelain-making skills and free and lively style had a great impact on the kilns in various places at that time, and were widely promoted, thus forming a wide range of Yaozhou kiln system from north to south.

The Yaozhou kiln system is centered on Huangbao Town, including Henan Yiyang kiln, Baofeng kiln, Xin'an Chengguan kiln, Guangdong Xicun kiln, Guangxi Yongfu kiln, Neixiang Dayaodian kiln and other kilns. The kiln products are similar to those of Tongchuan kiln, only due to the difference in the raw materials used, the tire quality and glaze color are also slightly different.

1. Characteristics of the tire: the early and middle stage is a black tire, which is dark gray, black gray, iron gray, black, etc. The surface of the fetus is covered with a thick white makeup soil.

There are no black dot-like iron spots common in Tang ware on the surface of the vessel. The white fetus is slightly late, the texture is quite pure, the color is quite white, it is white or slightly gray in the white, and the density and uniformity are slightly worse than those of the Song ware, and no makeup soil is applied. 2. Glaze features:

The glaze color of the black tire is dark blue azure, slightly gray lake blue, lake green, lake blue and other colors, with strong glass texture, good transparency, often open pieces, and is a foot glaze; The base of the white tire is called green glazed porcelain, the glaze is mostly light blue, light azure, blue and white, pink and blue, etc., a few are lake green and lake green, the transparency is good, there are also open pieces, less than the black tire ware, it is the most elegant porcelain in the celadon of the kiln in the past dynasties.

3. Modeling characteristics: more imitation of the late Tang Dynasty and the five dynasties of gold and silver vessels, more delicate than the Tang Dynasty, the bottom of the utensils is still larger.

4. Decoration techniques: scratching, ticking, appliqué, poking flowers, pinching, hollowing, painting and makeup soil (rarely seen).

5. Characteristics of the loading and firing process: in the early days, a device and a pad (three-legged support pad) and a sagger were used for single-piece burning, and after the plate and bowl were glazed and wrapped around the feet or the outer bottom of the heart, there were three-point burn marks, and later Zen difference developed into three points or a large number of bead method, and after firing, there were three small piles of bead burn marks or sand particles on the sole glaze of the foot glaze; In the late period, a new method of scraping off the plantar glaze was adopted.

6. Glazing characteristics: glaze the whole body to the end, and decorate the foot glaze.

7. Characteristics of the bottom foot: the bottom of the utensil is still large, and the bottom of the jade ring is made, and the foot is more outward.

8. Product features: In addition to celadon, a small number of black glaze, sauce glaze and white glaze brown and green color porcelain are also fired.