Types of porcelain, types and names of porcelain

Porcelain can be divided into hard porcelain, soft porcelain, and bone china. Among them, hard porcelain is made of kaolin, quartz and feldspar mixed and fired at a high temperature of 1400, soft porcelain is made of fine clay mixed with frosted glass, soapstone, flint and other materials and fired at a temperature of 1200, bone china is made of about 50% animal ashes and about 25% porcelain stone and kaolin.

1. Hard porcelain. Hard porcelain is one of the types of porcelain, which is made by mixing kaolin, quartz and feldspar and firing at a high temperature of 1400 °C. Hard porcelain can have the same effect as glass, and its finished product can be translucent or clear and bright white, and because of the high firing temperature, it is also strong and heat-resistant.

2. Soft porcelain. Soft porcelain is made by mixing fine clay with frosted glass, soapstone, flint and other materials, and then firing at a high temperature of 1200 °C. Soft porcelain has a relatively soft texture compared to hard porcelain and can break easily.

However, soft porcelain is more grainy and can be used to color and decorate porcelain more freely.

3. Bone china. Bone china is made of about 50% animal ashes and about 25% porcelain stone and kaolin, and this porcelain is characterized by being hard, white and clear. Compared with soft porcelain and hard porcelain, bone china can show a different texture and brightness, and exude a noble temperament.

The types and names of porcelain are as follows:

1. Celadon: If in the process of porcelain firing, the iron content of the glaze is between 1 and 3, then the glaze color is mainly blue-yellow or blue-green, this celadon first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the main varieties are secret color, pink green, plum green, etc., Yue kiln, Song Gong kiln, Ru kiln, Longquan kiln their fired celadon are very well-known.

2. Black porcelain: black porcelain is fired with an iron content of about 8 for glaze, and its main varieties include milliglaze, oil droplets, tortoiseshell glaze, etc., among which the black porcelain fired by Fujian kiln and Jiangxi Jizhou kiln is the most famous.

3. Qingbai porcelain: Qingbai porcelain can also be called shadow celadon, the iron content in the glaze is about 1 when it is fired, so its glaze color is between blue and white, very exquisite, Jiangxi Jingdezhen kiln is a well-known Qingbai porcelain site in China.

4. White porcelain: white porcelain is developed on the basis of celadon, if the iron content of the glaze is below when firing, then the fired will be white porcelain, the lower the iron content, the whiter the porcelain fired, its main products include egg white glaze, sweet white glaze, ivory white glaze, Xing kiln, Ding kiln, Dehua kiln are famous white porcelain sites.

5. Painted porcelain: Painted porcelain is also known as colored porcelain, it is painted in the utensils, and can be divided into three kinds of overglaze color, underglaze color, and underglaze combined color from the process, among which the painted porcelain of Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi Province is very well-known.

There are three types of porcelain, which are hard porcelain, soft porcelain, and bone china. Hard porcelain came from East Asia, mainly China, and first appeared in China in the 7th and 8th centuries. Soft porcelain is a product of early European imitation of Chinese porcelain, fired at 1200 degrees Celsius.

Bone china originated in the United Kingdom, which is made of 50% animal ashes mixed with 25% porcelain stone and kaolin, which is hard, white and clear. <

There are three types of porcelain, which are hard porcelain, soft porcelain, and bone china.

1. Hard porcelain. Hard porcelain comes from East Asia, mainly China, and first appeared in China in the 7th and 8th centuries, and is made of porcelain made from a mixture of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar fired at a high temperature of 1400 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, all the materials melt and fuse to create a vitrification effect, resulting in a translucent, transparent white color.

The earliest production of hard porcelain in Europe was made in the 18th century, after the establishment of the Meissen porcelain factory. In addition, hard porcelain is also stronger due to its higher firing temperature, which is less likely to burst when heated, and is more durable.

2. Soft porcelain. Soft porcelain is the product of early European imitation of Chinese porcelain, which is made of fine clay mixed with other materials such as frosted glass, soapstone, flint, etc., and fired at 1200 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the material will not melt to the extent of vitrification, and the finished product is relatively soft, so compared with hard porcelain, its hardness and firmness are slightly inferior, and it is easy to break; However, soft porcelain is more grainy, and the low-temperature firing properties also provide creators with a wider degree of freedom of coloring and decoration.

Royal Worcester in England and Sevres in France both produced classic soft porcelain in the early days.

3. Bone china. Bone china originated in the United Kingdom, which is made of 50% animal ashes mixed with 25% porcelain stone and kaolin, which is hard, white and clear. It is said that the British obtained detailed recipes for Chinese porcelain from missionaries from China, but failed in making hard porcelain, and instead accidentally discovered that mixing animal ashes into the materials used to make soft porcelain made the porcelain stronger.

This recipe began to be produced and gradually spread to other factories in the UK.

1. Celadon

Also called green porcelain, the glaze contains iron oxide, which is the earliest porcelain to appear, and the most famous is the Longquan kiln when it developed to the Song Dynasty.

2. Black porcelain. It is also called Tianmu porcelain, which is fired by increasing the iron content on the basis of celadon, and the famous ones are Jianyao and Deqing kiln.

3. White porcelain. Due to the formation of transparent glaze due to the low iron content, the most famous are the Ding kiln and the Xing kiln, and the appearance of white porcelain made it possible to paint on porcelain, thus laying the foundation for the development of colored porcelain.

4. Qingbai porcelain.

It is also called shadow blue, hidden blue, reflection blue, cover green, etc., the glaze color is between green and white, white in green, flash blue in white, ice-like jade.

5. Color glazed porcelain.

Refers to a glazed porcelain with color, which is fired in a closed state, and presents different colors of glaze due to the different content of iron oxide, copper oxide and other contents and different firing temperatures. Color glazed porcelain includes red glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze, yellow glaze, green glaze, purple glaze, etc.

6. Painted porcelain.

Porcelain that wins not by glaze, but by shape, painting and color. The development of painted porcelain began with blue and white, that is, ornamentation began to appear on or under the glaze, and blue and white, two-color, three-color, five-color, bucket color, pastel, bronze color, gold color, etc. appeared. Among them, blue and white are generally underglaze colors, three-color and five-color are generally overglaze colors, and bucket color is underglaze blue and white and overglaze five-colored.