Why do the hundreds of schools of thought argue and debate, and what are the profound social reasons

Categories: Culture Art >> historical topics.

Question Description:

It's best to be specific ... Everybody prawns help.

Analysis: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were periods of great social change from slavery to feudalism, and the struggles between the old and new classes, various classes, and various strata were complex and fierce. Scholars and thinkers representing all classes, strata, and political forces have interpreted the universe, society, and everything in accordance with the interests and demands of their own class, strata, or group, or put forward proposals for the future.

The various factions participating in the controversy are known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought" in history. Among the princes, the main schools were Confucianism, Taoism, Mo, Fa, Ming, Yin and Yang, Bing, Vertical and Horizontal, Agriculture, and Miscellaneous, and the first four schools had the greatest influence in the field of thought at that time.

The social ideals and political ideologies of each family are different, but there is one thing that is worth noting: the idea of great unification. All kinds of social ideals and political ideas were put forward not only for a certain country or a certain family, but for the so-called "world" at that time.

Therefore, Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi, etc., the scholars at that time all took the world as their own responsibility, and were not confined to being prominent in their own country, but could use their ideas, that is, to strive for the realization of their ideals of leveling the world.

The contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an important stage in the development of China's academic culture, which laid the foundation for the development of Chinese culture in the future and determined its development direction. In the next 2,000 years, the path, characteristics and various problems and ideas of ancient Chinese cultural and academic development (except for the introduction of Buddhism) can be traced back to their origins from the controversy of the hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period. In terms of understanding the law of academic and cultural development, the controversy of the hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period has also given us important enlightenment.

The representative figures of the famous family are Hui Shi in the middle of the Warring States period and Gongsun Long in the late Warring States period. Famous scholars emphasized the importance of "naming and indicting reality" and focused on discussing the relationship between name and reality, that is, concept and fact, and they made significant contributions to the development of ancient logic. Hui Shi advocated "contract difference", believing that all differences and opposites were relative, and his book "Keiko" has been lost; Gongsun Long, on the other hand, believes that "Lijian Bai" emphasizes the prescriptiveness and difference of concepts to distinguish the individual from the general, and his book "Gongsun Longzi" has survived to this day.

The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles also contains five other works by famous pre-Qin artists.

1. The hundred schools of thought are mainly Confucianism, Taoism, and Law.

Confucianism was the most influential school of thought in ancient China. Confucianism, as an expression of China's inherent value system, is not an academic or school in the usual sense. Generally speaking, especially in the pre-Qin period, although Confucianism was the most influential school, it was only one of the princes, and the same status as the other princes did not matter the master-slave relationship.

Confucianism tended to govern the state with benevolence, and politicians used this as a basis for restricting excessive concentration of land and establishing a sound moral system.

2. Analysis: Zhuzi Baijia refers to the thinkers of various schools of thought in China who were active in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and their ideas had a huge impact on Chinese culture and society. Among them, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Mohism have the greatest influence and continue to this day.

Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, advocated moral cultivation and was the mainstream thought in China for more than 2,000 years, and his loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, and faith were the basic standards of the Han nation's morality, values, and aesthetics.

Taoism, represented by Lao Zhuang, advocates the unity of heaven and man, going with the flow, and has a great influence on later generations. Family and everything is prosperous, harmony produces wealth, these idioms are often said by people are influenced by Taoist thought.

Legalism, represented by Shang Martingale and Han Fei, is the best idea of national governance, advocating the rule of law, fairness and justice, and the Chinese often say that "the Son of Heaven is guilty of the same crime as the common people" is the essence of Legalism's thinking.

The Mohists, represented by Mo Zhai, advocated karma, no food if they did not work, and were industrious and thrifty, and the Mohist thought had the most important impact on the lower class working people. Today's Chinese economy, diligence, and belief in ghosts and gods are embodied. Although many people think that believing in ghosts and gods is superstitious, the essence of this is to make people "afraid", which is my understanding.

We often say that "don't do bad things at ordinary times, and don't be afraid of ghosts knocking on the door in the middle of the night" is to remind people not to do bad things, which is still very important in ancient times as a warning to people.

There is almost no more, and a reform and opening up has overturned China's long history and traditional culture. In general, the ancients emphasized tapping their own potential, exerting their subjective initiative to understand the world, and solving problems.