What are the ways in which Chinese characters are formed What are the six ways in which Chinese char

The structure of Chinese characters.

From the structural point of view of Chinese characters, according to the composition of the characters, Chinese characters can be divided into independent characters.

and combined characters.

A Chinese character that is composed of a word-forming component is a monolithic character; Chinese characters that are composed of two or more word-forming components are called ligatures.

According to the traditional "Six Books" theory: hieroglyphs.

and referring to things are both independent characters; Huiyi characters and morphophonetic characters.

It's all a combined word.

The structure of Chinese characters is mainly for the structure of combined characters. A Chinese character is a flat figure, and if it is composed of a word-forming component, there is no structural distribution problem. If two or more word-forming components are combined, there is a question of how to arrange the position.

The so-called structure is the way in which two or more word-forming components are arranged in the position of a Chinese character.

The combined characters in traditional Chinese characters usually use the "dichotomy" method.

Analyze the way the structure is structured. The glyphs are divided into two parts: glyphs and phonetic characters; The vast majority of the Huiyi characters are also bisected, and only a few Huiyi characters use three side Huiyi. Therefore, when talking about the structure of Chinese characters, the dichotomy is adopted.

The following four main structures are obtained:

1. Monolithic structure: 10 million for the text.

2. Left and right structure: clear trust.

3. Upper and lower structure: holographic thunder.

4. Full encirclement structure: national group encirclement.

5. Semi-enclosed structure:

Zhuang character structure: the hall anti-Qing disease left Ju Mei Fa Yan Fang 卮 test to see the void musk deer.

Si character structure: Si sentence Diao can be wrapped.

Side word structure: Bian Jian Zhao is embarrassed to be reluctant to warp the blanket Kuisu.

Same word structure: Zhou Xiangfeng with the same question.

District character structure: District medicine craftsman Kuang hidden bandits.

Murder character structure: Murder letter secluded painting.

Taizi structure: too set of alleys and spring days.

Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the rules of Chinese character construction into "six books" in "Shuowen Jie Zi": pictograms, signifiers, meanings, shapes, sounds, transfers, and pretenses. Among them, the four items of pictogram, signifier, understanding, and shape and sound are the principles of word making, which are "word making methods"; The transfer and pretense borrowing are the rules of word use, which is the "use of words".

The six ways in which Chinese characters are constructed are pictogramsRefers to things, willing, shape, sound, transfer, pretend. It is the ancients according to the structure of Chinese characters.

The conclusion of the construction of Chinese characters is by no means that the ancients created characters according to these six laws.

1. Pictograms: pictographs, painted into their objects, with the body of the question, the sun and the moon are also. In short, it looks like something, such as the sun, moon, mountains, rivers, cattle and sheep, fields, hands, mouth, ears and eyes. Hieroglyphs involved in life.

It is often a single character.

It cannot be disassembled and there are no radicals.

2. Pointing to things: Those who refer to things can see and see, see and see, and up and down. If the upper and lower edges are also in the Gan Yuan one or two. For example, the original meaning of this is the root of a tree, so draw a tree first, and draw a stroke on the root to represent the root.

3. Shape and sound: The shape and sound of the person, in the name of things, take the example of each other, and the rivers are also. Such as rivers and lakes, fragrant dew gardens, male and female.

According to the type of thing, the name is determined, and according to the spoken language, a text or character with the same or similar pronunciation is selected as the phonetic part of the newly created word. For example, the male and female originally referred to the male and female birds, and the right half originally referred to the meaning of birds, which originally meant a flock of birds falling on a tree. Male and female are on the left and on the right.

4. Willingness: Those who will know, compare friendship with others, to see the fingers, and Wuxin is also. Such as Wu Xinxiu, Lin Youzhang, good king.

Sun pace. For example, the chapter is not a morning chapter, but a ten-tone chapter, because in ancient times, it was the ten tones that were composed for one chapter.

5. Transfer: The transferor, build a class, agree to accept each other, and test the old is also. If the old man is flattered, the chase is changed.

There are three conditions for transliterating words: two characters with the same radical, two characters with similar sounds, and can be interpreted by each other. For example, the top upside down is the same as the d initial, and the meaning is similar.

6. Pretend: The pretend, there is no word, according to the voice, the order is also. If you order the long Mo Dubei, the back of the north is from the nose to the waist, and I will come to Mai Pengwei.

For example, Mo first said that the sun had set, and then a day was added to it, and it became twilight. Peng itself means phoenix, and it is said that the phoenix flies and all birds fly together, so it has evolved into the meaning of friends.

There are two types of Chinese characters: individual characters and combined characters, and the structure is the way in which the parts in the whole are combined to form the whole. There are mainly the way the text is structured, the paragraph is structured, and the article is structured. The way the text is structured is the way the text is composed.

The various specific dots and lines that make up the glyphs of Chinese characters are also the smallest structural units of Chinese characters. According to the requirements of regular script writing, from the pen to the pen is a stroke, also called a painting, collectively known as strokes, and the specific shape of strokes is called pen shape. The shape structure of Chinese characters can be divided into four levels: Chinese characters, parts, strokes, and pen shapes.

The six ways of constructing Chinese characters are pictogram, signifier, huiyi, and form-sound; Usage: borrowing, transferring. The method of making Chinese characters is a method of character creation summarized by the ancients according to the structure of Chinese characters and the rules of character formation.

There are six kinds of Chinese character formation, also known as "six books" pictographic, signifying, morphophonic, huiyi, pretending and transferring.

The "Six Books" first appeared in the "Zhou Li", but the specific content was not specified. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty perfected the "Six Books" in the book "Shuowen Jie Zi", and modern scholars have made many improvements on the basis of "Shuo Wen Jie Zi", there are three books to say, four books to say, etc., but the "six books" are still widely recognized word making methods.

Characteristics of Chinese characters. Chinese characters are one of the oldest scripts in the world, and their influence on the surrounding area is also very huge, and they are the mother characters of other scripts. It is a written symbol that records events. In terms of form, it gradually changes from a figure to a square-shaped symbol composed of strokes, so Chinese characters are generally called "square characters".

It evolved from pictographs (ideographs) to phonetic ideographs, but the general system is still ideograms.

Therefore, Chinese characters have the characteristics of integrating image, sound and word meaning. This characteristic is unique among the world's writings, so it has a unique charm. Chinese characters are the treasure of thousands of years of Han culture, and they are also our lifelong mentors and friends, and everyone's spiritual home.

Chinese characters can often arouse our wonderful and bold associations and give people the enjoyment of beauty.

First of all, the composition of Chinese characters includes [pictographs.

Refers to the word thing. Huiyi words], [shape and sound words.

Wait. In a phonetic character, the shape side indicates the general meaning, and the sound side indicates the pronunciation. 】

The two parts that make up the shape and sound of the character, one part represents the meaning of the word, which is called [form side] (also called Yifu); The other part indicates that the pronunciation of the word has been changed, which is called [sound side] (also called musical note).

The combination of the same shape and different sounds can form many meaning-related words

For example, using "wood" as the shape can form "peach, plum, pear, branch, plant, tree" and other tree-related morphophonetic characters.

The combination of the same sound and different forms can form many words with the same or similar sounds but different meanings

For example, if you use "gang" as a sound, you can form a phonetic character such as "gang, steel, gang" and so on.

There are six main ways to combine form and sound

Left shape right sound (shape next to the left, sound next to the right): partial, copper, freezing, sign, nitrate, city;

Right shape left sound (shape next to right, sound next to left): attack, strength, sharpening, scooping, so, female;

Upper form and lower sound (shape side on top, sound side on bottom): tube, frost, dad, fang, cliff, boundary;

Lower form and upper sound (form side below, sound side above): compassion, axe, tribute, anger, stool, ointment;

Shape of the sound (the shape is outside, the sound is inside): solid, sick, valve, garden, wrapping, heart;

Inner and outer sounds (inside and outside): smelling, asking, muffled, arguing.

Note] Pronunciation is developing and changing, and the pronunciation of some morphophonetic characters is not accurate in modern times, and the pronunciation will be mispronounced when reading next to the sound.

Hope, thank you Peizao.

The six methods of constituting Chinese characters, such as pictograms, signifiers, huiyi, morphophonics, transcribing, and pretending, are called "six books", which are the six styles of Chinese characters that have been summarized by ancient philologists by analyzing the structure of the Han brother's confessional calendar and how to use them.

1. Pictograms: The four characters such as sun, moon, mountain, and water were the earliest patterns that depicted the sun, moon, mountain, and water, and then gradually evolved into the current shape.

2. Referring to things: This refers to the method of expressing abstract things, and the so-called "each refers to its own thing" is also a slippery front. Rubu is written "up" on it, and people are written "down" under it.

3. Meaning: This word-making method is to combine the roots of the two envy searches to derive new meanings. For example, when "day" and "moon" are combined, the sunlight and the moonlight become "brightness".

4. Shape and sound: This is the unique sound of the text in a specific shape (root). For example: Hu, this character can also be a root, combined with different attribute roots, can be synthesized into: butterfly, butterfly, lake, hu, hu, go, and so on.

5. Transfer: This is used for two words to comment on each other, synonymous with each other and different shapes, "old" and "test" are connected, and the meaning is the same, that is, the so-called old man test.

6. Pretending: In short, borrowing a word to express other things. Generally speaking, when there is a new thing that cannot be described, a root with a similar pronunciation or similar attributes is borrowed to express the new thing.

For example, "again" originally meant the right hand (first seen in oracle bone inscriptions), but it was later assumed to mean "also".

Pictograms belong to the "monolithic calligraphy". Use the lines or strokes of the text to concretely outline the shape and characteristics of the object to be expressed. For example, the word "moon" is like the shape of a bright moon, the word "turtle" is like the side shape of a turtle, the word "horse" is a horse with a horse mane and four legs, the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a fish head, a fish body and a fish tail, "艹" (the original character of grass) is two bundles of grass, and the word "door" is the shape of the left and right doors.

And the word "day" is like a circle, with a little point in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun. Hieroglyphs come from pictorial writing, but the pictorial nature is weakened and the symbolic nature is enhanced, and it is one of the most primitive methods of word making. It has great limitations, because you can't draw things that you can't draw.

Referring to things belongs to the "monolithic wording". The main difference with pictograms is that the word contains something in the painting. For example, the word "blade" is marked by adding a dot to the sharpness of the "knife"; The word "fierce" is to add a cross symbol to the trap; The words "up" and "down" are marked above or below the main body "one"; "Three" is represented by three horizontals.

The outline of these words has a more abstract part. Xingsheng belongs to the "combined character method". Morphophonetic characters are composed of two parts:

Shape side (also known as "Yi Fu") and sound side (also known as "note"). The form side indicates the meaning or generic of the word, and the sound side indicates the same or similar pronunciation of the word. For example, the word "cherry" is next to the shape of "wood", indicating that it is a kind of tree, and the sound is next to "baby", which means that its pronunciation is the same as the word "baby"; Next to the word "basket" is "bamboo", indicating that it is a bamboo item, and next to the sound is "jian", indicating that its pronunciation is similar to the word "jian"; The lower part of the word "tooth" is next to the shape, which draws the shape of the tooth, and the upper "stop" is next to the sound, indicating the similar pronunciation of the word.

Huiyi belongs to the "combined character method". Huiyi characters are composed of two or more independent characters, which are combined to express the meaning of the characters in the form or meaning of the words. For example, the word "wine" is combined with the clay bottle "unitary" and the liquid "water" to express the meaning of the word; The dissection of the word "solution" is to use a "knife" to separate the "cow" and "horn"; "Song" refers to the call of a bird, so it is composed of "mouth" and "bird".

Transfers belong to "orthography". Because of the different pronunciations and geographical barriers in different regions, the same thing will be called differently. When these two words are used to express the same thing and have the same meaning, they will have the same radical or part.

For example, the words "test" and "old" both have the original meaning of the elderly; The words "upside" and "top" are both on the top of the head; The words "trick" and "emptiness" are both holes. These characters have the same radical (or component) and analysis, and there is also a phonetic relationship in pronunciation. Pretending to borrow is a homonym substitution.

There are words in the spoken language, but there is no corresponding textual correspondence. So he found a homophone with the same pronunciation as it to express his meaning. For example, "self" was originally a pictogram for "nose", and later borrowed as "self" for "self".

The six structural methods are: pictogram, signifier, understanding, morphophonic, transferring, and pretending.

1. Pictograms: Use simple lines to trace the shape of objective things, so that people can associate the glyph with specific things at a glance and know what it represents.

2. Understanding: Combine two or more independent pictographs or signifiers whose meanings can be matched with each other to express a new meaning.

3. Shape and sound: use one word as the shape next to it to indicate the meaning category, and use another word as the sound side to indicate the pronunciation. The two are combined into a morphophonetic character.

4. Referring to things: using a special symbol to mark an objective thing and represent a certain concept, this kind of marking symbol is either added to a certain part of the single pictograph, or added to a special position representing a certain thing symbol.

5. Transfer: Referring to the words of the same radical can be trained (explained to each other).

6. Pretending: borrowing existing words to express words with homophony and different meanings.

Historical description of the structure of Chinese characters

As we all know, Chinese characters and Chinese culture are infinitely fascinating, and neighbors around China have obediently learned them, such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. But none of these countries learned the essence, and Japan split the kanji and simplified it to its own Manyokana, some with the same sound as the kanji, and some with a complete change in pronunciation.

Since the Tang Dynasty, Joseon has been using Chinese characters as the only official written language. Later, their self-esteem overflowed, and it hurt the glass heart, in short, the Chinese characters were banned overnight, and they became the Korean pinyin characters that everyone sees now, except that the radicals of the Chinese characters are circled.

Vietnam began to use Chinese characters in the Han Dynasty, this student has more ideas, on the basis of Chinese characters, the secondary processing, and the processing method is still to copy the construction principle of Chinese characters, the already very mature Chinese characters, once again carried out a hodgepodge of morphological sounds, understanding, pretense and other ways, and also gave a new name - mutter.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Chinese Character Structure.