What are the main parts of language research, and what aspects of language are studied?

1. Phonetics:The study of speech, including the production, conduction, and reception of speech, as well as the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech, words, and legatures.

2. Phonology:There are rules for the structure, distribution, and order of speech, as well as the form of syllables, and it is these rules that are studied in phonology. It will be phonemes.

As a starting point for the study, the sound system of language. A phoneme is the smallest unit of pronunciation that can represent a difference in meaning.

3. Morphology:It has to do with the internal structure of the word. It studies morphemes and word formation processes. Although many people think of words as basic units of meaning, many words can be divided into smaller units called morphemes.

4. Syntax:The type or structure of a sentence is governed by syntactic rules. These rules specify word order, sentence structure, as well as relationships between words, parts of speech, and other sentence components.

We all know that words are not just about word order, but also about structure.

5. Semantics:The study is how the meaning of language is encoded. It has to do not only with the meaning of the entry, but also with the linguistic hierarchy below and above the word, such as the meaning of morphemes and sentences.

6. Pragmatics:Examine the meaning of language in context, and discuss special speech in special contexts. Pragmatics is closely related to the many social contexts of linguistic behavior in a variety of ways that can affect the meaning of language.

In other words, pragmatics has nothing to do with the way language communicates, not the way language is structured.

1. Linguistics in ancient China, also known as "primary school", has three main research contents: one is exegesis, the other is philology, and the third is phonology. "Erya".

It is the beginning of exegesis, "Saying Words and Interpreting Words".

It is the beginning of philology, "Interpretation of Names".

He began to study the relationship between phonetics and semantics, and the study of reverse tangent in the late Han Dynasty was the beginning of phonological research.

2. China's modern linguistics serves the construction of the modern motherland, and the purpose is clear, so that scientific research will not be divorced from reality. The content of the research involves phonetics, philology, lexicology, grammar, rhetoric and other aspects. The main results that have been achieved so far are:

Simplifying Chinese characters, developing a Chinese pinyin scheme, and for ethnic minorities.

developed or modified pinyin scripts; The knowledge of grammar has penetrated into the schools, and the study of grammar has gradually become more important in the linguistic circles, and more attention has been paid to the characteristics of the Chinese language, especially the connection between phonetics and grammar, than before the liberation.

In short, ancient linguistics is the foundation of modern linguistics, and the scope of research is relatively narrow. Modern linguistics is the inheritance and development of ancient linguistics.

1. Documentary method.

The documentary method is an ancient and vigorous scientific research method. No matter what kind of social activity, if you want to leave a permanent trace, you can't do without all kinds of documents. The contradiction between the infinity of human activity and cognition and the finite nature of individual life and cognition determines that we must rely on literature when studying the facts of the past.

2. Comparative research method.

As a method of thinking, comparative research runs through the whole process of educational research. Comparative research is an indispensable method in both scientific experiments and theoretical research.

3. Inductive synthesis method.

There are two basic approaches to the inductive synthesis method. One is the example method, which gradually derives a program suitable for a class of problems with the help of a given set of input and output examples; The other is the "trajectory" method, which gradually exports the program through the execution trajectory of the given instance.

4. Empirical research method.

Based on the needs of existing scientific theories and practices, it proposes a design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, and determines the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena by observing, recording, and measuring the changes of the accompanying phenomena through purposeful and step-by-step manipulation under natural conditions.

5. Quantitative analysis.

Through quantitative analysis, people's understanding of the research object can be further accurate, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence, clarify the relationship, and improve the development trend of things.

In the short history of general linguistics, two diametrically opposed research methods have prevailed: one is "descriptive", typified by American structuralist linguistics, which observes, records and describes the structure of inductive language in the field, and their linguistic research is sometimes called descriptive linguistics;

The second is "generative", which is typified by Noam Chomsky's (1928-) study of language, in which linguists only need to sit in a chair and deduce the general laws and characteristics of language structure from their brains according to their native intuition, Chomsky calls his language research "transformational generative grammar" (TG). Whether it is American structuralism's descriptive linguistics or Chomsky's transformative generative grammar, the basic starting point and goal are the same, which is to study the form of language and explore the universal laws of language structure.

The study of the structure of language is mainly the study of phonetics, vocabulary, and language.

Language structure is linguistic terms. It refers to the pattern of regularity that various schools of linguistics analyze from linguistic materials through linguistic analysis methods. The analysis of linguistic structure is the linguistic aspect of human cognition that seeks structure.

The Swiss linguist Saussure believed that the language system is not composed of phonemes and meaning itself, but a network between phonemes and meanings, which is the internal structure of the language, and the differences and antagonistic relationships between the linguistic units form its value.

The meaning of language:

Language is governed by social consciousness, it has the power of regulation and control, and it becomes the basis of speech. Chomsky's theory of language is also a theory of linguistic structural analysis, which argues that words are combinations of morphemes and sentences can be analyzed as combinations of words. It is believed that the language structure has a deep structure and a surface structure, and its deep structure can be discovered through the analysis of the surface structure, so as to correctly understand the meaning of a sentence.

Morphemes and Definitions of Words:

The largest grammatical unit is a sentence, and the grammatical unit smaller than a sentence is a phrase, a word, and a morpheme. Human language is sound, meaningful, and a combination of phonetics and semantics, which is the characteristic of the basic grammatical unit. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit, that is, the smallest phonetic and semantic combination.

Words are made up of morphemes, which are one level higher than morphemes. Words are the smallest units of language that can be used independently. This sentence illustrates the role of words in language, one is to say that words can be used independently, and the other is that it is the smallest of the language units that can be used independently.

But when it comes to independent use, there is a difference between real and virtual words. In the case of real words, they can act as sentence components on their own.

What are the research classifications within the discipline of linguistics? How do you see the relationship between them?

Correct answer: Linguistics can first be divided into theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics, and linguistics in general refers to theoretical linguistics. According to the different research objects, theoretical linguistics is divided into general linguistics and specific linguistics.

General linguistics takes human language as the research object, and the common law of human language is established on the basis of specific linguistics, and the following are divided into general phonetics, Puliangling Jingtong grammar, general lexicology and other sub-disciplines, and linguistics is based on individual, specific language as the research object, ** the law of a certain language. Diachronic linguistics studies the development history of specific languages, which is a longitudinal study, such as the study of Chinese studies, synchronic linguistics studies the state and laws of specific languages in a certain era, and objectively describes them, which is a horizontal study, such as descriptive linguistics, which is divided into descriptive phonetics, descriptive lexicology, descriptive lexicology, descriptive lexicography and other sub-disciplines Modern Chinese is synchronic linguistics.

China, India, and Greco-Rome.

Linguistics is the study of human language, which explores the nature, function, structure, use, and historical development of language, as well as other language-related issues. China is a multi-key and chaotic nation-state with Chinese civilization as the source, Chinese culture as the foundation, and the Han nationality as the main ethnic group'Chinese nation', and claimed to be the descendants of Yan and Huang and the descendants of the dragon.

Republic of India, abbreviated'India', located in South Asia, is the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent and a unified multi-ethnic country composed of more than 100 ethnic groups, with the main ethnic group being Hindustani. Ancient India is one of the four great civilizations, and the Indus civilization was born in 2500 BC. Philology is the study of ancient texts and written languages.

The ancestors of mankind left many glorious and splendid documents to future generations with words. However, as time passed, it became more and more difficult for future generations to read these documents.

Rome, the capital and largest city of Italy, is also the national political, manuscript economic, cultural and transportation center, has a history of more than 2,500 years, is a world-famous historical and cultural city, the birthplace of the ancient Roman Empire, because of the long history of the city and was nicknamed'The Eternal City'。The study of language dates back more than 2,000 years. But it was not until the early nineteenth century that linguistics became an independent discipline, and it is only one or two hundred years old.

The establishment of its spring circle is generally considered to be the rise and establishment of historical comparative linguistics.

Sociolinguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the influence of various aspects of society on the use of language, including cultural norms, social norms, or situations.

Metalinguistics (also known as "metalinguistics") has also been classified as part of sociolinguistics.

Scope of StudySociolinguistics is the study of the social nature and differences of languages, as well as their social factors. The same research has been done in traditional linguistic geography, but since the advent of sociolinguistics, these contents have been included in the category of sociolinguistics.

The study of the nature of society includes:

The characteristics of the social nature of language and its laws.

The interrelationship between language, consciousness, and society in origin.

The relationship between national language and ethnic formation.

The relationship between the formation of a common national language and social development.

The relationship between linguistic evolution and social evolution.

Studies on language differences include:

Differences between standard language, dialects, and jargono Pronunciation differencesDifferences in vocabulary Differences in status* Differences in the same language in different countries, regions and societies.

o For example, English has been mutated in the spread of different countries or regions, and American English, Hong Kong English, Singlish, etc. have emerged.

Differences caused by the presence of several languages spoken in the same country or society.

o For example: countries or regions with two or more official languages, such as Canada (English, French), Singapore (English, Chinese, Malay).

Differences in the use of language between different language speakers.

o For example, gender differences lead to the use of different languages by men and women.

Differences in the language used in different social settings.

o For example: the average Chinese use their hometown dialect in the home environment and Mandarin when working and studying.

Research MethodsThe survey research method examines the use of language by people in various regions, industries, and classes. Mathematical analysis is a mathematical and mathematical analysis of spoken materials and literature. The comparative research method analyzes social factors and studies language differences.

Experimental analysis uses phonetic or psychological experimental instruments to conduct experimental analysis of language differences, and make quantitative and qualitative descriptions.

The most important thing is to innovate.