What are the types of observational studies, and there are three types of observational studies

According to different classification criteria.

Observational studies can be divided into the following categories.

1) Observations in natural scenarios versus observations in the laboratory.

According to the observed situational conditions.

Observation in natural situations includes accidental phenomena observation of natural behavior and systematic phenomenon observation, which can collect objective and real materials, but materials are often the external behavior manifestations of the object of observation.

Laboratory observation is determined by the characteristics of the experimental method, and this kind of observation is carefully planned, which is conducive to the internal causal connection of things.

2) Direct and indirect observations.

Divided by the way of observation.

Direct observation is to directly perceive and describe the observed object on the spot by relying on human senses, so it is intuitive and concrete.

Indirect observation is the use of certain instruments or other technical means as an intermediary to investigate the object of observation, this kind of observation breaks through the limitations of human subjective ability in direct observation, and expands the depth and breadth of observation.

3) Participatory observation and non-participatory observation.

Press Observer. Whether or not they are directly involved in the activities that the observed person is engaged in.

Participatory observation, in which the researcher directly participates in the group and activities of the observed object, does not reveal the true identity of the researcher, and conducts covert research and observation in the participation activities.

The non-participatory observation method does not require the researcher to stand on the same position as the observed object, but acts as a "bystander", which can be done openly or secretly.

4) Structural and unstructured observations.

According to the method of observation implementation.

Structured observation is a controllable observation with clear objectives, problems and scope, detailed observation plans, steps and reasonable design. It is often used when there is a good understanding of the subject of the study.

Unstructured observation is an uncontrolled observation that adopts a flexible attitude towards the scope and goal of the research question, and the observation content items and observation steps are not predetermined, and there is no specific record requirement. It is mostly used for exploratory research, and is used when the subject is not well understood.

Three types of observations.

1. Introspection. It is a great problem that each of us cannot gain a direct, immediate knowledge of the minds of others other than ourselves.

Everyone is experiencing their own emotions, passions, sorrows, and sorrows.

Often, we all think of these experiences as a manifestation of a person's mental or mental abilities. In order to reflect on these experiences, the individual needs to focus on what his own mind does and can do.

By comparing himself with others, he found that other people had the same experience in the same situation, which showed that there was no difference between the minds of other people and his own.

This observation of one's various experiences is called "introspection."

Any person of sound mind is capable of paying attention and has a considerable degree of attention and the ability to experience it for himself;

There are very few people who are unable to verbalize their experiences, reflect on their experiences, or discuss their experiences with those around them.

Introspection, reflection, and the expression of experiences and reflections about experiences and communication with others have become an important tool in psychological research if they are regulated as systematic operating procedures.

Three types of observations.

2. Observation and description of empirical conditions.

Although the introspective approach is not easy and limited to implement, it is still adopted because of its ability to generalize the various experiences.

Through description, she was able and did build a research platform that belongs to scientific psychology, which is a descriptive classification platform that is the initial growth point at which it can develop as a science.

Such a platform can only be achieved by documenting the conditions under which we can experience our own experiences to the fullest, which cannot always be described in words.

It is only when most people are aware of and agree with each other that we can reach a common space of meaning in which we correctly use and understand the words that we use to describe our experiences.

Three types of observations.

3. Observation and description of behavior.

We can use the phrase "human behavior" to indicate that Renhe may have expressed some experience of the body movement and observable changes in the state of the body.

1. Natural observation method The natural observation method refers to the investigator's observation of the behavior and behavior of the subject in a natural environment (including supermarkets, display locations, service centers, etc.).

2. Design observation method Design observation method refers to the fact that the investigation agency designs and simulates a scene in advance, and the investigator observes the behavior and behavior of the subject of the investigation in a pre-designed and near-natural environment. The closer the scene is to nature, the closer the observed person's behavior is to reality.

3. Disguised observation method As we all know, if the observed person knows that he is being observed, his behavior may be different, the results of the observation will be different, and the data obtained from the investigation will also be biased. Masking observation is the process of monitoring the behavior of the person, object, or event being observed without their knowledge of it.

4. Machine observation method In some cases, it is possible or even desirable to replace human observation with machine observation. In some specific environments, machines may be cheaper, more precise, and easier to do the job than people.

There are three types of observational studies: cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies.

Observational research is a research method that collects data by observing and documenting phenomena, and is commonly used to study areas such as human behavior, the environment, and health. There are three main types of observational studies:

1. Cross-sectional study: Cross-sectional study, also known as "cross-sectional study", refers to the survey of a group at the same point in time. Cross-sectional studies aim to understand the relationship between different variables at a certain point in time, such as the relationship between a certain disease and factors such as age, gender, lifestyle habits, etc.

2. Case-control study: A case-control study is a retrospective study that is usually used to study rare diseases or diseases that require long-term follow-up to reach conclusions. Case-control studies identify risk factors that may contribute to a disease by comparing the differences between people who already have the disease (case group) and those who do not have it (control group).

3. Cohort study: A cohort study is an observational study that is usually used to evaluate the relationship between a certain exposure and health outcomes. Cohort studies identify the relationship between exposure and outcomes by picking a population (cohort), recording their specific factors at the beginning, and then following these people during follow-up.

Cohort studies can be prospective, i.e., identify participants' exposures and outcomes before data collection begins; It can also be retrospective, i.e., using historical data to determine exposures and outcomes.

The limitations of the study of nuclear brother defects include the following:

1. Failure to prove causality: Observational studies cannot control variables experimentally, so they cannot determine that one factor is the cause of another (i.e., they cannot prove causation), and they can only find correlations between them.

2. Affected by multiple interference factors: In observational studies, it is difficult to rule out the influence of other interference factors on the results. For example, there may be other undocumented factors in the population that may interfere with observations.

3. Memory bias: In retrospective studies, participants may experience memory biases that prevent them from accurately recalling past behaviors or events.

4. It is difficult to control sample selection bias: For observational research, sample selection is a very important step, but it is also prone to selection bias. For example, if the sample is not representative of the entire population, then the results are less universally applicable.

5. There may be information bias: Since there is no control group and experimental group in observational studies, participants and investigators will know the best methods or exposures they accept, which may lead to information bias.

Research methods generally include literature survey method, observation method, literature research method, interdisciplinary research method, case study method, etc.

1. Investigation method.

The survey method is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. The most commonly used survey method is the questionnaire survey method, which is a research method to collect information in the form of written questions, that is, the investigator compiles a table on the survey items, distributes or mails them to the relevant personnel, asks for instructions to fill in the answers, and then sorts, counts and researches.

2. Observation.

Observation method refers to a method in which the researcher uses his or her own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the object of study according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful and planned, systematic and reproducible.

Exposure factors in observational studies refer to all characteristics or attributes that can be used to influence health outcomes.

Introduction and Application of Observational Research:

Observational studies, also known as non-experimental studies or comparative studies, should be non-randomized comparative studies to be exact. The investigators in this study were not able to artificially set treatment factors, and randomization was not determined by what treatment factors or different levels of the same treatment factors were received.

For example, when studying the growth and development of breastfed and artificially fed children, whether the child is fed or not is not determined by the researcher, and the feeding method is not determined randomly, but according to the actual situation of the mother. The study can be further subdivided into descriptive and analytical studies. Its design falls under the category of survey design described below.

The method of investigation of the real wisdom rider is written as follows:

The field research method is mainly to grasp the basic situation through research, obtain relevant information and data, summarize problems from them, and put forward their own views. Research methods vary depending on the research object.

If you are conducting on-site research on a certain enterprise, it is recommended to choose a company that you are more familiar with in the local area and directly obtain the relevant information of the enterprise, such as development history, organizational structure, staff size, business scope, financial status, etc. If there is no relevant data of the enterprise, you can choose the listed company as the case object, and the financial report of the enterprise can be obtained through the Oriental Finance Network, Flush, etc., as an auxiliary for the research.

In addition, if the content of the research cannot be explained by existing data, such as marketing strategy, customer satisfaction, corporate culture construction, performance appraisal, incentive mechanism, etc., field research can be conducted through questionnaire survey method, interview method and other channels.

Observation is one of the most basic methods of social research. The viewer, see also; Observers, think, compare, and discriminate. The observation method in social research is a method in which the observer uses sensory organs such as eyes and ears, as well as branches and other scientific hands and instruments, to purposefully investigate the subject of research according to the research topic, so as to obtain the information necessary for the research.

Among the main classifications are:

1) According to the role of the observer, it can be divided into participatory observation and non-participatory observation;

2) According to whether there is a detailed observation plan and strict observation procedures, it can be divided into structured observation and unstructured observation;

3) According to whether the observer has direct contact with the observed, it can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation.

Commonly used observation methods include the following:

1.The on-site observation method refers to the investigation method in which the investigator goes to the scene to directly observe the subject of the investigation. If the investigator wants to understand the attractiveness of the performance of a new product to consumers, he can go to the scene of the product to observe and obtain first-hand information.

2.The random observation method refers to the method of recording the state of the scene according to the pre-selected sampling time point, such as observing the behavior of a random customer buying a certain product.

Observation refers to the careful observation of the phenomena and trends of things; Investigation or investigation.

Generally speaking, the observation method in social survey research refers to a method in which the observer uses the human sensory organs or scientific observation tools to investigate the research object in a purposeful and planned manner according to the problem to be studied and the facts to be understood, so as to obtain the required information.

In other words, the observation method is a social investigation method in which the observer observes social phenomena with an objective eye, and faithfully records and analyzes them.