What are the organelles in the cells of lower plants?

Plant cell engineering commonly used technical means: plant tissue culture, plant somatic cell hybridization. Theoretical basis:

Totipotency of plant cells. Animal cell engineering commonly used technical means: animal cell culture, animal cell fusion, monoclonal antibody, embryo transfer, nuclear transfer, etc.

Organelles are divided into: mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, centrosomes.

Plant cell is the basic unit of structure and function of plant life activities, which is composed of two parts: protoplast and cell wall. Protoplasts are a general term for all substances in the cell wall, mainly composed of cytoplasm and nucleus, and there are several different organelles in the cytoplasm or nucleus, in addition to cell fluid and post-inclusions.

Plant cells are generally very small, in higher plants, their diameter is usually 10-100 m, and the morphology of plant cells is varied, the common ones are round, oval, polyhedral, cylindrical and spindle-shaped. They are made up of protoplasts and cell walls.

Although the shape and size of plant cells are varied, the basic structure is the same. For example, all living cells contain protoplasm and a cell wall on its outside. The hard cell wall protects the protoplasts and maintains the shape of the cell, and its main component is cellulose.

The cell wall is unique to plant cells, and animal cells do not have a cell wall. Plant cells also contain plastids, which are the sites where plant cells produce and store nutrients. The most common plastid is chloroplast, which is an organelle that specializes in photosynthesis.

Animal cells do not contain plastids. Most plant cells contain one or several vacuoles that are filled with fluid. The main role of vacuoles is to transport and store nutrients, water and metabolic by-products or metabolic wastes, that is, they have the role of warehouses and transfer stations.

In addition, there are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, spheroids, lysosomes, microtubules, microfilaments and other organelles in plant cells. The most important part of a plant cell is the nucleus, which can be clearly divided into three parts: the nuclear membrane, the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm under a light microscope. The nucleus is the main distribution center of genetic material, and it is also the control center of heredity and metabolism.

Organelles are divided into: mitochondria; Chloroplast; Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; Vacuoles, ribosomes, centrosomes. Among them, chloroplasts and vacuoles are only found in plant cells and lower animal cells, and centrosomes are only found in lower plant cells and animal cells.

The nucleus studied in college does belong to the organelles.

Higher plants have mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes. In addition to these, lower plants also have centrosomes.

The structure of the lower plant body is simple cells, single-celled, group or multi-celled composition of non-differentiated branches or sheets (commonly known as phyllodes) such as roots, stems, leaves, etc., and the sexual "organs" of sexual reproduction are single-celled, and the gametes combine to form zygotes, and the zygotes directly develop into new plant bodies without going through the embryonic stage. The lower plants are divided into algae, fungi, and lichens.

1. Algae plants: Algae contain chlorophyll or other photosynthetic Zhengkai pigments and live independently. It is divided into 6 categories according to the morphology of the plant body, the composition of the cell wall, the morphology of the pigment body and the type of main pigment, the mode of reproduction, and the storage substance.

2. Fungi plants: There is no chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments in the vegetative cells of the plant body, and there is a cell wall.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the main sites where cells undergo aerobic respiration. Also known as power workshop

Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the sites where green plants photosynthesize.

Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis and processing.

Golgi apparatus: A site where the Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are the sites where proteins are produced.

Lysosomes: Lysosomes break down aging, damaged organelles, engulf and kill invading viruses or bacteria.

Vacuoles: Vacuoles are the ones that regulate the environment inside the cell and are the plant cells that keep them firm. Contains pigments.