Why did Einstein say that quantum mechanics is not rigorous?

Copenhagen's explanation of wave-particle duality has always been of interest. Copenhagen argues that before all matter is observed, space is filled with a wave that, once observed, shrinks to what we see in kind. Consciousness cannot be touched, measured, or expressed mathematically, and the introduction of consciousness into physics is clearly a stain on physics.

Einstein expounded his views and attitudes towards science in the article "Science and Religion", and he couldn't help but appear in physics with consciousness. Heisenberg proposed a new law of physics, arguing that it was impossible to measure the velocity and position of a particle at the same time. Oddly enough, just looking at these small objects completely affects their behavior patterns.

This discovery has very profound implications. If you can't accurately measure the velocity and position of a particle, you can't make an accurate motion of it, and Einstein firmly believed that everything can. This means that if Heisenberg is right, it is not possible to accurately measure the velocity and position of a particle at the same time, and something is always uncertain.

The best expectation for quantum theorists is based on probability. For Einstein, there was great value in some aspects of quantum theory, but he didn't think it was God's way of constructing the universe.

If quantum mechanics were correct, something really unusual could theoretically happen. Quantum theory is the most singular event possible. For example, we hope to cross the street and go to the other side, but there is a limited probability that we can reappear on Mars after being dispersed, and then return to Earth after being separated.

Of course, it will be longer than the universe, but it is theoretically possible. To illustrate what a "ghostly remote effect" is, we can first step back into the real world and see the state of separation of conventional objects that can be touched in reality. Detonators are the same as bombs, if I put them on both sides of the road and activate the detonators, the detonators will be less than or equal to the speed of the light signal, and the bomb will only receive the signal after **.

But quantum entanglement theory suggests that if pre-prepared objects are placed in the same quantum state, they can remain "entangled" even at opposite ends of the galaxy as long as they do not interact with other objects. When one measures an object in an entangled state, the other objects are instantly affected, regardless of the distance between them. This phenomenon is also not so much like the "charm of ghosts".

For example, if you put the same twin into two galaxies and find that one of the twins has red hair, you can assert that the other twin also has red hair. The real "ghost charm" lies in the measurement process of quantum mechanics.

Because Einstein's quantum mechanics is only a whole framework for the foundation of mechanics, and there is no in-depth research, with the gradual progress of China's scientific and technological development, quantum mechanics will be a large number of English aspects, and some things within the enterprise will gradually be rigorous.

Because quantum mechanics had not been studied very thoroughly when Einstein was there, he said that it was not rigorous and should continue to be studied, so he published it like this.

Because Einstein refused to believe that such instantaneous communication at the speed of light. His special theory of relativity holds that all matter and information in the universe cannot move and propagate faster than the speed of light.

I have time to read my articles "**A Little Objection to the Mass-Energy Formula E=MC2" and "Three Deficiencies of the Gravitational Formula F="."A jasper orchid chasing stars in Lingjing Lake"Can.

As far as the physical phenomenon of bucket keys is concerned, Einstein definitely recognized quantum mechanics. He himself was the first to introduce the quantum of light to explain the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect.

It's just that in terms of theoretical framework, Einstein did not agree with the theoretical understanding at that time and considered it flawed. Therefore, Einstein raised many questions, aiming at the theory of quantum mechanics at that time, for the uncertainty principle, he once proposed the Einstein light box to question, and for the assumption of sharp randomness and hidden variables, Einstein put forward the famous EPR paradox and put forward the concept of entanglement.

The founders of quantum force space-based ingenuity were Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, Bohr, etc., and Einstein explicitly put forward the fundamental problems they had overlooked, forcing them to establish perfect theories.

Categories: Science & Engineering.

Problem description: Is it just because of the uncertainty principle that "God doesn't roll dice with people"? What else made Einstein negate quantum mechanics, and to what extent? Is it a total negative or a partial?

Analysis: Actually, the direct root of this lies in the understanding of probability.

Eninstein is also influenced by the mechanical determinism since Newton, believing that any physical phenomenon is governed by precise laws, and the most fundamental thing in quantum mechanics is probability, which is the uncertainty of individual behavior in the collective, but the collective has a certain macroscopic statistical effect.

Enintein does not completely deny it, but he believes that quantum mechanics is not the ultimate theory, and that there are more perfect and more decisive laws governing the behavior of onlookers.

In fact, until now, there are no cracked pants.

Quantum mechanics is basically a well-established theory. But the uncertainty principle may be overturned in the near future.

Why do you have this question? It is okay to derive the theory of quantum mechanics from theory. But the uncertainty principle is likely to be a principle that does not hold.

Theoretically, the reason for the uncertainty is due to the problem of measurement accuracy, because the speed of electrons outside the nucleus is close to the speed of light (the speed of light is about 10 to the eighth power per second), and the atomic diameter is about 10 meters. Theoretically, in order to accurately determine the state of an electron, it is necessary to have a precise time.

Imagine taking a picture of a moving object, and you have to take more shots in a short period of time in order to accurately capture the specific position of the object. For example, if an object is moving at the speed of light, and the camera has to take 10 shots to the eighth power** in one second, then the distance between the objects in each of the two consecutive shots** is about three meters. If you want to capture the specific position of the electrons outside the nucleus, the movement position of the two consecutive images must be less than one-fifth of the radius of the atom.

This means that the time accuracy must reach at least 10 to the minus 19th power, that is, 10 to the 19th power in one second** (1000000000000000000000000 in one second**). This is a task that is not yet possible at the current level of science and technology. Therefore, we can only apply the uncertainty principle temporarily, but theoretically the uncertainty principle may be the reason for the untenable principle.

Theoretically, the electronic transition may not be a mutation, but also a gradual change process, but the time of change is too short, and the current technology cannot complete the details of the electronic transition process for the time being. The reason is also a matter of time accuracy and shooting.

The above is just a personal opinion for reference!

Albert Einstein proposed the basic features of quantum mechanics that are generally accepted today, such as light can behave like particles and waves, and the most commonly used expression of quantum theory established by Erwin Schrödinger in the 20s of the 20th century is also based on Einstein's thinking about wave physics. Einstein was not against quantum mechanics, and he was not against randomness. In 1916 he proved that when an atom emits a photon, the emission time and angle are random.

This is in stark contrast to Einstein's public image against randomness.

Quantum phenomena are random, but quantum theory is not, and the Schrödinger equation obeys determinism 100 percent. This equation uses the so-called "wave function" to describe a particle or system, which reflects the wave-like nature of the particle and explains the wave-like shape that the particle swarm may exhibit. The equation predicts each moment of the wave function with complete certainty, and in many ways, the Schrödinger equation is more certain than Newton's laws of motion, and it does not cause confusion.

Quantum randomness, like all other types of randomness in physics, is the result of some much deeper processes behind it. Einstein felt that the dust flying in the sunlight exposed the complex movement of invisible air molecules, and that the process of emitting photons from radioactive nuclei was similar. Then quantum mechanics may also be just a rough theory that can explain the overall behavior of nature's basic building blocks, but the resolution is not enough to explain the individuals within it.

A deeper, more complete theory might be able to fully explain this movement.

Non-deterministic microphysics can lead to deterministic macrophysics. The atoms that make up the baseball move randomly, but the trajectory of the baseball is perfectly okay because the quantum randomness is averaged out. Similarly, the molecules in a gas have complex motions, but the temperature and other characteristics of the gas can be described by very simple laws.

Disagrees with observations that make quanta collapse, so he says "God doesn't roll dice" and that random events don't happen in nature.

That is, Einstein's Copenhagen school against quantum mechanics.

There is a very classic experiment in quantum mechanics, which is the single-electron double-slit interference experiment. The researchers found that when one emitted electron (ensuring that the first electron reaches the phosphor screen and the second electron is emitted) passes through the double slit, it can interfere with itself, resulting in interference fringes.

That is, this electron can be in both the left and right slits of the double slit at the same time.

And when we look at which slit the electron passes through, the interference fringes disappear. That is, if we determine which slit the electron passes through through observation, the electron cannot be in the left slit and the right slit at the same time.

According to the Copenhagenists, the world is inherently infinite and in a state of quantum superposition (the superposition of electrons on the left and right seams). Observation makes other possibilities disappear, making the electron appear particle-like and lose its wave-like nature. We call this phenomenon "wave function collapse".

Einstein proposed a classic ERP paradox on this issue. That is, a system, such as a pair of positive and negative electrons produced by the impact of two photons. Since the two particles are energetic, the sum of their angular momentum is 0, and according to the angular momentum conservatism, if we observe that if one of the particles rotates counterclockwise, the other particle must rotate clockwise.

That is, when we observe the positron, the negative electron becomes a particle state, with almost no time interval. Regardless of how far apart the pair of electrons is, this "interaction" (in quotation marks here because it is not yet possible to confirm that it is an interaction) is instantaneous. Then the speed of this "interaction" is much faster than the speed of light.

Contradicts Einstein's theory of relativity.

And now, experiments have proven the Copenhagen school right. We do observe positive and negative electron pairs, and indeed when we determine the spin direction of one of the particles, the other is determined instantly. This effect is already far faster than the speed of light.

But Einstein wasn't wrong, and we found out when we wanted to use this transmission speed for quantum communication. This interaction does not convey any information. Faster-than-light information transfer is still impossible.

ERP paradoxes are not considered fallacies. Because there is no contradiction in it.

An indeterminate relationship, i.e., the position and momentum of a particle cannot be determined at the same time. Quantum mechanics describes the use of a particle as a wave function, which is the probability that a particle will appear at a certain location. Einstein believed that the state of particles could be accurately described, rather than probability, hence Einstein's famous saying:

God doesn't roll dice.

The main reason is the probabilistic interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave function, that is, the motion of microscopic particles is probabilistic, and the motion of particles with the same initial conditions is not necessarily the same.

Albert Einstein (including De Broglie and Schrödinger) disagreed with the Copenhagen School, headed by Bohr and Heisenberg

The Copenhagen School considered quantum mechanics to be complete in its description of the state of microscopic particles. The wave function accurately describes the state of a single system. The reason why the wave function only provides statistical data and the uncertainty relationship exists is due to the uncontrollable nature of the interaction between the particle and the measuring instrument.

The behavior of the particles and the interaction between the particles and the measuring instrument cannot be categorically separated. From this they conclude that the microscopic processes that occur in space, time are incompatible with the classical law of cause and effect.

However, Einstein believed that quantum mechanics was incomplete. What the wave function describes cannot be the state of a single system in any case; It involves many systems, which in the sense of statistical mechanics are "ensembles". Therefore, Einstein believed that the description of the system by the wave function is only an intermediate stage, and a more complete concept should be sought.

For this reason, Einstein and Podolsky, Rosen) proposed an experiment called the EPR paradox. Photons that decay from positive and negative electron pairs, although far apart, are in an unlocalized quantum-related state, i.e., an entangled state. If the polarization state of one photon is measured, the polarization state of the other photon can be determined.

This is difficult to explain with classical theory, as there seems to be some kind of information transmission over a distance, but it is an inevitable consequence of quantum mechanics.