The history of the reader, how did the ancient scholar read?

To start with Confucius, before that, reading was the preserve of a few people in the aristocracy, and ordinary people did not have the opportunity to read and receive cultural education. Confucius introduced the historic beginning of mass education. Although Laozi, Mozi and others also have similar activities of teaching and educating disciples, they are not mainly cultural education, but have the purpose of searching for followers.

The era in which Confucius lived also provided the conditions for the era of scholars.

In the era of hundreds of schools, each led apprentices, founded schools, taught and accepted apprentices, disseminated ideas, cultivated popular social low-level talents, and provided rulers with methods and talents to save the country and the people, enrich the country and strengthen the army. The contention of a hundred schools of thought is a typical feature of this era.

Later, with the advancement of papermaking and printing, the social class of the scholars moved downward, and the culture was further promoted.

In the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties, the imperial examination began, and the study of the poor was also a breakthrough to break the rule of the aristocracy and the hegemony of power and culture. The seowon system, a school of specialized education, appeared, and more people could study. It is an important purpose for scholars to move down the social class and become the power of the imperial family, to fight against the traditional nobles and nobles, and to discover new national management talents, which is very much in line with the emperor's purpose.

In the 100 years after the Opium War, China was facing many crises, and reading to save the country was linked, and mass education was further promoted, and reading has also become a way to save the country and the people, and it is also an important way to build and create a country and a nation.

After the Xinhai Revolution, civilian schools, night schools, and literacy schools appeared, and the social class of scholars moved down again. Turning on the wisdom of the people is an important way for revolutionaries to carry out propaganda and ideas.

Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the literacy campaign and the propaganda and revolutionary ideas were closely integrated. But after the Cultural Revolution, it reached an impasse. After the comrades came out to work, they resumed the college entrance examination, and their studies fell back into the old customs of discovering talents and improving social and state management.

After the expansion of the university's enrollment, it has entered a new stage.

Do not say.

To understand Chinese history is to read the history of the reader.

You can take a look at the ancient imperial examinations book that is covered in it.

1. Sun Jing: The protagonist of the idiom Hanging Beam Thorn Strand Sun Jing of the Han Dynasty tied his hair to the beam with a rope in order to study hard, so as to prevent drowsiness. Once you feel tired from reading and want to sleep, your hair tied to the beam will be pulled and you will continue to study.

2, Su Qin: The word Ji Zi is old and troublesome, now a native of Luoyang, Henan, a famous columnist, diplomat and strategist during the Warring States Period. The protagonist of the idiom Hanging Beam Thorn Thorn Thorn Ancient Times, when he was young, because he was not much or deep, he had been to many places to do things, but he was not taken seriously.

When he returned home, his family was cold and looked down on him. So I made up my mind and studied hard. Su Qin read late at night, very tired, often dozed roughly, and wanted to sleep.

So I came up with a way, prepared an awl, dozed off, stabbed the thigh with the awl, suddenly felt pain, woke myself up, and continued to read.

3, Kuang Heng: Zizhigui, a native of Chengxian County, Donghai County, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, an official to the prime minister, once famous for his painstaking deeds of stealing light from the wall. The Kuang family has been short of farming for generations, but Kuang Heng is very studious and diligent.

1. Zhuge Liang's "view its outline" reading calligraphy.

When Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Jingzhou, he was friends with Shi Guangyuan, Xu Shu, and Meng Gongwei in Yingzhou, and studied together. The other three.

Reading and learning are "proficient". Zhuge Liang's reading is different from all living beings, he did not get into the pile of books and memorize by rote, but read extensively.

Extract the essence.

2. Tao Yuanming's "Huiyi" calligraphy.

Tao Yuanming, a writer of the Jin Dynasty, once wrote in "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu": "Good reading, do not seek to understand, whenever you have a mind, you will happily forget to eat." ”

Tao Yuanming paid attention to the key points when reading, simplified and independent thinking.

3. Su Shi's "Enemy on All Sides" calligraphy method.

In his "Book of Wang Zhen", Su Shi introduced a reading method that he pioneered and practiced. He said: "Books are as rich as the sea, department stores.

There are all of them, and people's energy cannot be taken at the same time, but they can get what they want. Therefore, I wish the scholars to make one intention each time. It means books.

It's like swimming in the ocean. Human energy cannot be collected and seen in full. As long as you can get the books you want.

Fourth, Zheng Banqiao's "fine" calligraphy.

The "refinement" in the Qing Dynasty calligrapher and painter Zheng Banqiao's "refinement" calligraphy method is to have a choice in reading, choose good books, and read fine products; "Please.

"When" is just right, to suit your level and work needs.

1, Kuang Heng "chiseled the wall and stole the light": Kuang Heng's family was poor when he was young, but he liked to read. He worked as a hired hand during the day to make ends meet, and only had time to study at night.

But the family was so poor that they couldn't even light the lamps. The lights and candles in the neighborhood are bright, but they can't shine. Kuang Heng came up with a way to cut a hole in the wall of the neighbor's house, "stealing" a little light from it, and letting the neighbor's light shine through.

And he took the book in his hand and read it in front of the cave in the light.

2. Sun Jing and Su Qin "Hanging Beam Thorn Stock": There was a man named Sun Jing in the Han Dynasty, he studied late at night every night, in order to avoid sleepiness, he tied one end of the rope to the pillar hair, and the other end was tied to the beam. During the Warring States period, there was a man named Su Qin, who always liked to nap whenever he was reading late at night.

So, while he was napping, he stabbed his thigh with an awl to lift his spirits.

3. Che Yin's "Night Reading": Che Yin, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, often has no money to buy oil lamps due to his poor family background. One night, Che Yin sat in the yard and found many fireflies.

Suddenly his heart moved, and he gathered these fireflies together, and by their light he could read. He put them in a pocket sewn with white gauze and hung them on his desk. Since then, he has been reading hard every day with the help of fluorescent light.