The method of translating the verbal usage in classical Chinese

The use of intentional action in classical Chinese is a grammatical phenomenon that indicates that the subject produces some kind of emotional or mental activity towards the object, rather than an actual action. When translating this usage, it is usually necessary to transfer the subject's emotional or mental activity to the object, so as to make the translated text more in line with the habits of modern Chinese.

For example, there is a sentence in the Analects: "Confucius climbed the East Mountain and was Xiaolu." Among them, "Xiao Lu" is intended to be used, indicating that after Confucius climbed the East Mountain, he felt that the Lu country had become smaller.

When translating, this psychological feeling can be translated into actual actions, for example, it can be translated as "After Confucius climbed the East Mountain, he felt that the country of Lu became insignificant".

For another example, there is a sentence in "Zuo Biography": "The Marquis of Jin drinks Zhao Dun wine." Among them, "drink" is intended to be used, indicating that the Marquis of Jin wants Zhao Dun to drink. When translating, this emotion can be transferred to a verb, for example, it can be translated as "the Marquis of Jin tried his best to make Zhao Dun drink".

In short, when translating the intentional use of classical Chinese, it is necessary to transform the subject's emotional or mental activity into actual actions or states, so as to make the translation more smooth and natural.

Intentional usage refers to the fact that the verb has the meaning of thinking about what the object is or what the object is, that is, the subject thinks that the object has the nature of the adjective, or the subject regards the object as the person or thing indicated by the noun. Intentional usage focuses on the description of the subject's subjective cognition. The law of intentional use can be translated as "to think of the object......Or" treats the object as ......”

For example: It is not difficult for people to die without their king, and it is ominous for me to kill.

Difficult, the adjective is used as wishful moving.

The so-called intentional verb refers to the predicate verb with the meaning of "to do why", that is, to think that the object is how or to treat the object as it is. It can generally be translated as "think." In order to.

For. Wait. The use of the verb is limited to the use of adjectives and nouns, and the verb itself has no verb usage.

1.The verbal usage of nouns.

The noun is used as a verb to see the person or thing represented by the object after it as the person or thing represented by the noun.

Example 1: The people of Yi are strange, and they are slightly guests of their father. "Hurt Zhongyong".

Guest: This is a noun, and it is used here as a verb. "Guest's father" is a verb-object structure, which means "to have his father as a guest".

Example 2: The father is also self-interested. "Hurt Zhongyong".

Li: is a noun used as a verb. "Profit" means "profit". (Think of the situation as profitable).

2.Intentional use of adjectives.

The adjective is used as an intentional action to subjectively believe that the person or thing represented by the object that follows has the nature or state that the adjective represents.

Example 1: The fisherman is very different. "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring".

Different: Originally an adjective, it is used here as a verb. "Different", that is, "to be different". (Think it's weird).

Example 2: The people of Yi are strange, and they are slightly guests of their father. "Hurt Zhongyong".

Qi: Originally an adjective, it is used here as a verb of meaning. "Strange", that is, "to be strange". (Think he's extraordinary).

The above-mentioned phenomena of the use of word classes cannot summarize all the situations. For example, numerals or quantifiers can also be used as verbs or even verbs.

Use usage. The so-called use of the verb means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "how to make it", that is, the action indicated by the predicate verb at this time is not made by the subject, but by the object. In fact, it expresses the content of the conjunctive form in the structure of a verb-object.

Some of the predicate verbs in the verb are used by nouns and adjectives. Due to the difference in the original parts of speech, the grammatical meanings they represent are not exactly the same after they are used as verbs.

There are two ways to use the intention:

1. The use of noun and self-word. Yes bai

Translated as "to ......For. ”

du；But it is generally necessary to translate zhi as "put......As a dao ......For example, Wang Anshi's "Hurt Zhongyong": "A little guest of his father." The word "guest" here is a noun that translates to "treat (his father) as a guest."

2. The use of adjectives. It can also be translated as "to ......For. But it is generally necessary to translate it as "think......How" or "right......How do you feel". For example, Wang Anshi's "Hurt Zhongyong":

The people of Yi are strange. The word "strange" here is the verbal usage of the adjective, which translates as "to think that (he is Fang Zhongyong) is very unusual".

The difference between the moving and the moving is mainly in the sense of translation.

The so-called "move" refers to the action indicated by the verb.

The act is not made by the subject, but by the subject. For example, in the sentence "The Snake Catcher Says", the subject is"Jun", but"Raw"Not really"Jun"act, rather"Jun"Make an object"of"Issued acts. "Born"To be translated as:"Make me live", which should be added before the verb in the translation"Let's, let's"and so on, we call it moving.

The so-called intentional motion means that the subject subjectively believes that the object is a predicate or has the nature of a predicate"How about thinking about the object", or"Think of the object as a predicate"meaning. Intention is only a subjective understanding, and it is not necessarily the case objectively. As in the sentence "if poisonous"."Poison"。

is the subject"If"subjective thoughts.

The most important way to distinguish between the meaning of the translation is to distinguish between the meanings of the translations. Translated as make ......How, is to use the usage. If translated to ......For. , that is, the intentional usage.

There are two ways to use the intentional action:

1. The use of nouns. It can be translated as "to ......For. But it is generally necessary to translate it as "put......".As a ......For example, Ma Chun Wang Anshi's "Hurt Zhongyong": "A little guest of his father."

The word "guest" here is a noun that translates to "treat (his father) as a guest."

2. The use of adjectives. It can also be translated as "to ......For. But it is generally necessary to translate it as "think......How" or "right......How do you feel". For example, Wang Anshi's "Hurt Zhongyong":

The people of Yi are strange. The word "strange" here is the verbal usage of the adjective, which translates as "to think that (he is Fang Zhongyong) is very unusual".

Usage distinction method.

Make a verb: The predicate verb usage means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "how to make the object". It is the content of the imperative expressed in a verb-object structure.

Yidong: Think ......How's that: Yu is quite easy (I think it's very simple).

The verb predicate indicates that the subject makes the object"How"Usage.

Some nouns and adjectives are used as verbs to make and to mean "to make." meaning.

There are three main types:

1. The use of verbs. For example, the "labor" in "must first suffer its mind and work its muscles and bones" means "to make." tired". "Born in Sorrow, Died in Peace" (Mencius).

2. The use of nouns. For example, the "king" in "the king who broke through Qin first and entered Xianyang" is "envoy." for the king". "Historical Records" (Sima Qian).

3. The use of adjectives. For example, the "bleak and cold" in "bleak and cold bones, quietly and secluded" is the meaning of "making the bones of the gods bleak and cold". It is characterized by giving the person or thing indicated by the object the property or state indicated by this adjective. "The Story of Little Stone Pond" (Liu Zongyuan).

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Intentional Usage.

Intentional usage refers to the subjective feeling of defeat, viewing, or evaluation when certain words are used as verbs as predicates. The relationship between this predicate and the object is: the subject thinks that the person or thing represented by the object has the characteristics represented by the predicate itself, or treats and evaluates the object as the person or thing represented by the predicate.

The use of intentional verbs is one of the important grammatical phenomena of ancient Chinese, including the intentional use of adjectives and the intentional use of nouns.

The use of the verb is mainly the use of adjectives such as verbs and nouns such as the use of verbs, and most of the verbs themselves are not as resistant to the use of the verb. It can generally be translated as "think." In order to. For. "Yes......Feel ......Wait. The verb is the subject to make the object objectively produce a certain action, while the verb is the subject subjectively thinks (or thinks) that the object has the content indicated by the predicate, which is the idea or opinion that exists in the mind, which is not necessarily the case objectively.

Example 1: The people of Yi are strange, and they are slightly guests of their father. "Hurt Zhongyong".

Guest: This is a noun, and it is used here as a verb. "Guest's father" is a move-guest structure, which means "treating his father with the courtesy of a guest".

Example 2: The father is also self-interested. "Hurt Zhongyong".

Li: is a noun used as a verb. "Profitably" means "think......profitable".

Example 3: Fish and shrimp and elk. - Former Chibi Fu".

Couple, friend: the verbal usage of the noun, to...For couples, to....For friends.

Example 4: The deceased does not have only his own relatives, nor does he have only his sons. - Rites and Rites

Dear: to....For the pro, the son: to....For the son (both refer to the former) example 5: Yue Guo stared at the boy with contempt - "Candle Wu Retreats from the Qin Division".

Contempt: Boundary, boundary, this is the put....as a boundary.