How to evaluate the theory of surplus value ?

It is found that many people confuse the "exploitation" in theory with the "exploitation" in our general sense, and deduce that "wages are the result of equal negotiations between capitalists and workers, so there is no exploitation", or "there is exploitation because capital plus has the advantage in negotiations and lowers wages". In fact, according to Marx's theory, the exploitation of workers by capitalists has nothing to do with whether wage negotiations are equal or not. The so-called exploitation refers to the act of the capitalist who appropriates the surplus value of the worker's labor without compensation, which is concealed under the seemingly "equal" cloak of "equivalent exchange".

Lowering wages has at best exacerbated exploitation, but is not the root cause of exploitation. What is the wage, the wage is the ** that the capitalist pays the worker for the purchase of the worker's labour-power, note that it is the ** of the labour force and not the ** of the labor. Workers create value in the process of labor, and the part of it that exceeds their wages is surplus value, and this part of the surplus value is taken away by the capitalists, which is exploitation.

Therefore, it does not matter whether the process of wage negotiation between the capitalist and the worker is equal and friendly, as long as the value created by labor is greater than the wage exploitation. There may be a few stupid capitalists who, for various reasons, create less value than wages for workers' labor, resulting in loss-making operations and being "exploited" by workers, but this special case cannot change the social reality of "capitalists exploiting workers" in a general sense. As for whether the capitalists themselves pay for their labor, it has nothing to do with the existence of exploitation.

According to Marx, wealth is not the same as value. Value is human labor condensed in commodities and is determined by socially necessary labor time. Therefore, the source of value creation can only be labor.

Wealth, on the other hand, refers to the use value of a commodity, that is, the natural properties of a commodity. The sources of wealth creation are diverse, and in addition to labor, they include at least the means of labor and the objects of labor. Therefore, Marx clearly pointed out in Capital:

Labor is not the only source of the use-value, i.e., material wealth, which it produces. Later, he severely criticized the argument of the German Social Democratic Party's "Gotha Program" that "labor is the source of all wealth and all culture", and further pointed out: "Labor is not the source of all wealth.

The natural world is as much a use-value as labor (and material wealth is made up of use-value!). Labor itself is nothing but a natural force, that is, the manifestation of man's labor power. Marx put forward the idea of the diversity of sources of wealth, in order to emphasize the necessity and rationality of the establishment of public ownership of the means of production by the laborers, and to look forward to the basic conditions for the realization of communism in the future, including "all the sources of collective wealth are fully flowing".

Version 2 Answer: Labor is the only source of value, but it is not the only source of social wealth (use value). This is because labor is not the only element in creating social wealth.

It is not only labor that creates social wealth, but also non-labor factors of production such as land, equipment, and raw materials that contribute to the creation of social wealth. Therefore, labor and various non-labor factors of production together constitute the source of the use value of social wealth. Marx pointed out:

Labor is not the only source of the use-value, i.e., material wealth, which it produces. "。<>

1. Definition of surplus value.

Surplus value is that part of the value that exceeds the value of the labour power, which is created by the wage worker and appropriated by the capitalist without compensation. The capitalist production process is the unification of the labor process and the process of value appreciation. Capitalist production is production based on wage labor for the purpose of obtaining surplus value.

The production process has a duality: on the one hand, it is the labor process of producing material materials, and on the other hand, it is the process of producing surplus value, that is, the process of value appreciation.

2. Methods of production of surplus value.

Absolute surplus value refers to the surplus value obtained by extending working hours under the condition that the necessary working time remains unchanged.

Relative surplus value refers to the surplus value produced by the relative extension of the surplus labor time due to the shortening of the necessary labor time under the condition that the working time remains the same.

Excess surplus value refers to the part of surplus value that individual capitalists get more than ordinary capitalists by raising labor productivity, when the individual value of their commodities is lower than the social value.

Extended Information] I. Partition of Surplus Value.

The value created by industrial workers is divided between capitalists, commercial capitalists, borrowing capitalists, and bank capitalists. The surplus value created by the hired individuals in agriculture is divided between the agricultural capitalists and the landowners.

2. The significance of the theory of surplus value.

It is revealed that the purpose of the capitalist in organizing production is to obtain surplus value, and that the essence of capitalist production is the production of surplus value. It scientifically reveals the relationship between capitalists and wage workers under the conditions of capitalist economy, and reveals the antagonism between the two classes, which is of great significance for workers to clearly understand their own status and raise class consciousness.

According to Marx's theory, surplus value refers to the difference between the value created by labor and the remuneration of labor in the new value produced by laborers exploited by the ruling class under the system of exploitation, i.e"Labor created by the laborers and appropriated by the bourgeoisie without compensation"。

Surplus value examines the labour process"Value multiplication"。Obviously, this"Proliferation"Not the other"Add value", but determines the movement of ** and profit growth in the field of economic phenomena.

Regarding the theory of surplus value, Marx gave a general comment:"All economists make the mistake of looking at surplus value not in terms of its pure form, not in terms of it itself, but in terms of the special forms of profit and rent. "

Content of the Theory of Surplus Value:

By analyzing the production, accumulation, circulation and distribution of surplus value, Marx revealed the law of movement and its role of surplus value, and founded the theory of surplus value.

The theory of the production of surplus value is the core content of this theory. This theory holds that surplus value is produced in the capitalist process of production.

The value created by the labor power purchased by the capitalist in the production process exceeds the value of the compensating labor power, thus forming surplus value. The surplus labour of wage labourers is the only source of surplus value.

Significance of the Theory of Surplus Value:

1) The theory of surplus value profoundly exposes the exploitative nature of capitalist relations of production, clarifies the economic roots of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and points out the historical inevitability of the proletarian revolution.

2) The theory of surplus value is the cornerstone of Marxist economic theory, and it is the sharp edge of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie and revealing the exploitative nature of the capitalist system. Thanks to historical materialism and the discovery of surplus value, socialism has changed from a utopian dream to a science.

3) It reveals the general laws of commodity economy and socialized production, such as the law of capital circulation, the law of social reproduction, the law of accumulation, etc. Under capitalist conditions, these laws have taken on a special form of expression because they are constrained by the capitalist system. If we put aside the institutional factors, it is also of great guiding significance for the development of the socialist market economy.

The significance of the theory of surplus value is:

The theory of surplus value systematically studies the history of the development of bourgeois political economy from the middle of the 17th century to the 50s of the 19th century, and analyzes in detail the theoretical views of various schools of economics.

It affirms their contributions to scientific theories, criticizes their fallacies, evaluates their position in the history of economic theory, expounds the scientific process of economics, and reveals the historical conditions and theoretical basis for the emergence of positivist economics.

The status and role of the theory of surplus value:

The amount of surplus value created by laborers is directly proportional to the level of social productive forces. The lower the level of social productivity, the less surplus value the worker creates; The higher the level of social productive forces, the more surplus value will be created by laborers. Therefore, the amount of surplus value created by laborers is an important yardstick for measuring the level of social productive forces.

Taking agricultural production as an example, the output of a labor force in a year, primitive society, it is still difficult to support oneself and one's family; In slave societies and feudal societies, although the output has increased, it is only a few more than to support themselves and their families.

In capitalist society, due to the tremendous development of the productive forces, its output feeds a few.

10. A few hundred people are not a problem, and this is evident in the fact that in modern developed countries, a few percent of the agricultural population can meet the food needs of the entire population.

Here, the continuous growth of the surplus value created by agricultural laborers marks the continuous development of agricultural productivity, and the level of development of agricultural productivity can be judged by its quantity.

The law of surplus value is the basic economic law of capitalism.

The law of surplus value is the secret of Marx's study of capitalist society, and this law penetrates the clear scene of the exploitation of workers by capitalists.

First of all, the law of surplus value determines that the essence of capitalist production is the production of surplus value, indicating that the motive force and purpose of capitalist production is the pursuit of as much surplus value as possible.

Secondly, the law of surplus value also determines the main aspects and main processes of the development of capitalist production. The main aspects and processes of production, circulation, distribution and consumption of capitalism are all based on the acquisition of surplus value.

Under the conditions of capitalist automation of production, the source of surplus value can still only be the surplus labour of wage workers, and thus the production of surplus value remains the absolute law of the capitalist mode of production.

The theory of surplus value is the cornerstone of Marx's economic theory. It was on the basis of the theory of surplus value that Marx correctly understood the economic roots of the antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.

It further reveals the basic contradictions of capitalism, scientifically demonstrates the emergence and development of the capitalist mode of production and the objective inevitability of its replacement by the socialist lord, so that socialism can be turned from a utopian dream into a science. The law of surplus value determines the historical tendency of capitalism to inevitably perish.

Surplus value refers to the difference between the value created by labor and the remuneration of labor in the new value produced by the laborers exploited by the ruling class under the exploitation system, that is, "the labor created by the laborers and appropriated by the bourgeoisie without compensation".

Surplus value examines the "multiplication of value" in the process of labor. Obviously, this "multiplication" is not the other "value-added", but determines the movement of economic phenomena and profit growth.

Therefore, what is surplus value, in layman's terms, is the value created by a labor force every day, minus the part of its own wages, and the rest is taken away by the boss, then the part that is ruthlessly deprived by the boss is surplus value.

There are two cores to the theory of surplus value:

1) capitalists earn profits mainly by forcing workers to work longer hours;

2) New value can only be created through the living labor of industrial workers, and no new value can be created by workers in other factors of production or in non-productive industries such as commercial services. This was largely true in the 19th century, and it is precisely because of this that the theory of surplus value has been widely disseminated and universally accepted throughout the world.

The theory of surplus value refers to the production of surplus value. Surplus value refers to the part of the capitalist that is created by the capitalist in the production process of the worker in excess of the value of the labour. The law of surplus value determines the whole process of the development of all the main aspects and contradictions of capitalism; The development and demise of capitalism are the basic economic laws of capitalism.

The existence of surplus value.

Surplus value is not a unique phenomenon of capitalist society and exists in socialist society. The profit of enterprises and the state fiscal revenue is the surplus value created by the workers.

The self-employed in a socialist society is also a bright part of the national tax system, and the essence of their taxation is the surplus value created by the workers of the individual economy. According to the value created by workers, the first is the value of self-use to meet the needs of themselves and their families; The second is surplus value, which has become the largest part of corporate profits and state fiscal revenues. Workers cannot survive if the value they create is insufficient to meet their own needs.

Without surplus value, there is no economy for the value created by enterprises.