Why do volcanoes erupt and why do volcanoes erupt

Crustal movement. Plate collisions.

Formation of volcanic eruptions: The temperature and density of the Earth's interior are uneven, forming mantle convection or mantle plumes inside the mantle. When a hot substance rises to the shallow part of the earth, partial melting occurs due to a decrease in pressure.

Under the action of external forces, these molten materials come together and form a magma sac in the shallow part of the earth.

When the pressure of the magma sac is greater than the pressure of the formation, the magma breaks through the earth's crust along the fault or weak point, causing a volcanic eruption.

Causes of volcanic eruptions: Due to plate interactions, such as in the subduction zone or collision zone of the plate, due to the formation of local high temperatures due to friction, the dehydration of some water-bearing minerals also reduces the melting point of the rock, which also forms magma sacs, thus triggering volcanic activity.

Volcanoes are divided into active volcanoes and extinct volcanoes, generally erupting are active volcanoes, extinct volcanoes do not erupt, volcanic eruptions are the result of crustal movements.

The temperature and density of the Earth's interior are uneven, mantle convection is formed inside the mantle, and when the hot material rises to the shallow part of the Earth, the pressure decreases and partial melting occurs. The molten material comes together to form a magma sac. When the pressure of the magma sac is greater than the pressure of the formation, the magma breaks through the earth's crust along the fault or weak point.

Volcanic eruptions are a natural phenomenon. The reason is that molten matter in the Earth's interior is ejected under pressure.

Scientists believe that the energy that drives volcanic activity is buried deep 65 to 80 kilometers underground, and the deepest well in the world is currently drilled in the 80s by the Soviet Union at a depth of 12 kilometers. It is not yet possible for scientists to place experimental instruments at the ideal depth to detect the source of volcanic eruptions. Currently, the main methods of studying volcanoes are:

Orbiting satellites, computers, and highly sophisticated instruments are used to observe, collect, and analyze data on erupting volcanoes; In the laboratory, the rocks and eruptive organisms of the crater are analyzed or simulated to speculate on the mechanism of the eruption.

In recent years, scientists have proposed several hypotheses for volcanic formation, the main ones being: Plate theory. In the mid-sixties, a new tectonic theory emerged, the theory of plate structure.

It considers the tectonic units of the lithosphere to be plates. The world can be divided into six major plates: the Eurasian plate, the Pacific plate, the American plate, the African plate, the Indian Ocean plate, and the Antarctic plate.

According to this theory, volcanologists believe that when the giant rock plates that make up the outermost layer of the earth collide and squeeze, the temperature of the subduction zone rises dramatically, even to the point that the rock beneath the earth's crust is partially melted, leading to the formation of volcanoes. Since the vast majority of the world's volcanoes are located on the margins of various tectonic plates, this explanation seems plausible. Hot Spot Theory.

The Hawaiian Islands volcano is one of the most studied volcanoes. But the Hawaiian Islands are 3,200 kilometers from the nearest plate margin. Obviously, it doesn't work to explain it with plate theory.

The hot spot theory holds that the Hawaiian Islands were formed by a mysterious "hot spot" in the Earth's interior. When the Pacific plate moves on this hot spot, the underlying rocks of the plate melt and intrude into the upper part of the earth's crust with the help of underground pressure, forming a reservoir of magma and finally turning into a volcano. This theory, which successfully explains the process of the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, has been taken seriously.

However, there is debate as to whether the hot spots arise deep in the Earth's core or are confined to the bottom of the Earth's crust in the region. In addition, some volcanologists have studied the relationship between glacial changes and volcanic activity, which can better explain the volcanic activity in Iceland and the island of Pantelleria. In conclusion, there is currently no one found, or perhaps no unified theory at all, that could explain why volcanoes around the world erupt.

Perhaps volcanoes in different regions have different causes.

Recently, there has been a volcanic eruption in Bali, Indonesia, and tourists should pay attention to safety.

Official explanation: Volcanic eruption is a peculiar geological phenomenon, a manifestation of the movement of the earth's crust, and one of the most intense manifestations of thermal energy on the surface of the earth's interior. It is the release of ejecta such as magma from a crater to the surface in a short period of time.

Due to the large amount of volatile components contained in the magma, coupled with the confining pressure of the overlying rock layer, these volatile components are dissolved in the magma and cannot overflow, when the magma rises close to the surface, the pressure decreases, and the volatile components are released sharply, thus forming a volcanic eruption.

Personal understanding: The internal structure of the earth is generally divided into three concentric spheres: the core, the mantle and the crust.

The central layer is the core; In the middle is the mantle; The outer layer is the earth's crust. It is generally simply believed that the earth's crust is solid. The mantle is liquid.

The outer layer of the Earth's core is in a liquid state, and the inner core is solid. A small thin layer at the top of the mantle (an average depth of 50 km and a depth of about 250 km) is a mixture of solid and liquid, with a liquid content of 1%-10%, and this area is called the "asthenosphere" because it is relatively soft because of the mixture of liquid substances. The top of the upper mantle and the earth's crust are often referred to as the lithosphere.

The global lithospheric plates make up the outermost structure of the earth, and the tectonic movement of the earth's surface is mainly carried out within the lithosphere. The theory of plate tectonics holds that lithospheric plates float above the asthenosphere and can move horizontally on a large scale.

As the Earth revolves around the Sun, it rotates itself. In this way, the internal pressures of the earth cannot be balanced, and the theory of crustal plates holds that the surface of the earth, which is composed of rocks, is not a single piece, but a patchwork of plates. The world is roughly divided into six major plates, and the major plates are in constant motion.

In general, the internal crust of the plate is relatively stable; The zone where plates meet each other, and the earth's crust is relatively active. There are constant squeezing and tearing.

Plate tearing magma overflowing the surface along huge fissures in the earth's crust is known as fissured eruptions, which are mostly found at the bottom of the ocean and are one of the causes of seafloor expansion.

Under the action of plate extrusion and internal pressure, the high-heat gas inside the underground magma expands and erupts together with the hot magma, and it erupts to the surface through the tubular volcanic channel, which is a central eruption.

Like a pimple, it gets bigger and bigger, and it breaks when you squeeze it, and it's comfortable. Hehe. If the earth can continue to release pressure in a small area and with small intensity, it will not form a major disaster.

Scientists believe that the energy that drives volcanic activity is buried deep 65 to 80 kilometers underground, and the deepest well in the world is currently drilled in the 80s by the Soviet Union at a depth of 12 kilometers. It is not yet possible for scientists to place experimental instruments at the ideal depth to detect the source of volcanic eruptions. Currently, the main methods of studying volcanoes are:

Orbiting satellites, computers, and highly sophisticated instruments are used to observe, collect, and analyze data on erupting volcanoes; In the laboratory, the rocks and eruptive organisms of the crater are analyzed or simulated to speculate on the mechanism of the eruption. In recent years, scientists have proposed several hypotheses for volcanic formation, the main ones being: Plate theory.

In the mid-sixties, a new tectonic theory emerged, the theory of plate structure. It considers the tectonic units of the lithosphere to be plates. The world can be divided into six major sectors:

The Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, the American Plate, the African Plate, the Indian Ocean Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. According to this theory, volcanologists believe that when the giant rock plates that make up the outermost layer of the earth collide and squeeze, the temperature of the subduction zone rises dramatically, even to the point that the rock beneath the earth's crust is partially melted, leading to the formation of volcanoes. Since the vast majority of the world's volcanoes are located on the margins of various tectonic plates, this explanation seems plausible.

Hot Spot Theory: Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands are the most studied volcanoes. But the Hawaiian Islands are 3,200 kilometers from the nearest plate margin.

Obviously, it doesn't work to explain it with plate theory. The hot spot theory holds that the Hawaiian Islands were formed by a mysterious "hot spot" in the Earth's interior. When the Pacific plate moves on this hot spot, the underlying rocks of the plate melt and intrude into the upper part of the earth's crust with the help of underground pressure, forming a reservoir of magma and finally turning into a volcano.

This theory, which successfully explains the process of the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, has been taken seriously. However, there is debate as to whether the hot spots arise deep in the Earth's core or are confined to the bottom of the Earth's crust in the region. In addition, some volcanologists have studied the relationship between glacial changes and volcanic activity, which can better explain the volcanic activity in Iceland and the island of Pantelleria.

In conclusion, there is currently no one found, or perhaps no unified theory at all, that could explain why volcanoes around the world erupt. Perhaps the volcanoes in different regions have different causes.

Volcanic eruptions produce a flow body mixed with debris and water, resulting in debris flows, which are secondary disasters induced by volcanic eruptions and are also serious volcanic disasters.

Volcanoes erupt with magma, not mudslides, and the temperature is very high.

Mudslides are extremely destructive fluids caused by volcanic eruptions that can wreak havoc on areas that flow through. In 1980, the eruption of Mount St. Helens in the United States, red-hot volcanic debris and lava melted a large amount of snow and ice in the mountains, forming a raging mudslide that poured down from the summit and caused flooding, killing 24 people and leaving 46 missing. 1985 Columbia Waldodel.

The eruption of the Ruiz volcano and pyroclastic flows melted the summit ice sheet, creating a massive mudslide that killed more than 20,000 people and left more than 7,700 homeless and displaced.

Volcanic eruptions are a natural phenomenon. The reason is that molten matter in the Earth's interior is ejected under pressure.

The types of volcanoes are active, extinct, and dormant. The only way to control volcanic activity is to prevent it in advance.

The answer to this question should first of all clarify the causes of the formation of lightning: the convection of gases of different properties I provide three reasons for the appearance of lightning during eruptions:

1) When the volcano erupts, it forms an upward hot air flow, the upper air is a low pressure area, and the area where it is located is surrounded by cold air, so the conditions for air convection are formed, and when the hot air flow is strong, the convection intensity will increase, and the current will be generated through friction, and lightning will be formed when it reaches a certain level.

2) The hot gas emitted during a volcanic eruption is a volatile gas, which generates static electricity due to friction during the circulation of air, and when the charge accumulates to a certain amount, lightning is formed.

3) When a volcano erupts, the earth's magnetic production changes, and lightning is formed by the magnetic field change between the earth and the atmosphere, which is based on electromagnetic induction.

Hope it helps!

Volcanic eruptions produce a lot of ionized material, and the earth's crust and magma movement can also produce a lot of electric charge by friction violently.

In addition, the eruption is accompanied by a sharp rise in a large amount of water vapor, resulting in strong convective weather in local areas.

It's no wonder that lightning doesn't happen.