The history of numbers, the history of development, and the number are all related to numbers

Around 500 AD, with the economy, culture andBuddhismThe rise and development of theIndian subcontinentNorthwesternPunjabThe mathematics of the region has always been at the forefront and originated in India.

The astronomer Ayebiheit made a new breakthrough in simplifying numbers: he wrote down the numbers in cells, and if there was a symbol in the first cell, such as a dot representing 1, then the same dot in the second cell would represent ten, and the dot in the third cell would represent a hundred.

In this way, not only the number symbols themselves, but also the order in which they are located are also important. Indian scholars have introduced the symbol as zero. Suffice it to say, these symbols and representations are Arabic numerals today.

The old ancestors.

Around 700 years ago, the Arabs conquered the Punjab region and were surprised to find that the conquered regions were more advanced in mathematics than they were. Later, the Arabs introduced this figure to Spain.

In the 10th century, it was spread to the rest of Europe by Pope Gerbert Aurillac.

Around 1200 AD, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. By the 13th century, under the initiative of the mathematician Fibonacci of Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans also began to adopt Arabic numerals, and by the 15th century this phenomenon was quite common.

At that time, the shape of Arabic numerals was not exactly the same as modern Arabic numerals, but they were relatively close, and many mathematicians put a lot of effort into making them the way they are written today.

Arabic numerals originated in India, but they were transmitted to the four corners through the Arabs, which is why they came to be called Arabic numerals.

Culture: In ancient Chinese thought, 3 is the cardinal number, 9 is the pole number, in addition to 5 and , 12 also has an important position in ancient culture, in our life in addition to the five elements, five flavors, five organs, five colors and other substances related to 5, there are many related to 12, such as 12 zodiac.

12 hours, 12 months......This idea is also fully reflected in mahjong, where 144 is a square of 12 and 108 is also a multiple of 12.

In addition, in the mahjong rules, it is stipulated that each person draws 13 cards, and 13 times 4 equals 52, which is in line with the rule that there are 52 weeks in a year. It reflects the form of existence of matter, and the number represents the amount of material existence.

In ancient times, our country also attached great importance to counting symbols, and the oldest oracle bone inscriptions and bells have the symbols of counting, but it is difficult to write and recognize, and later generations have not used them. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, production developed rapidly, and to meet this need, our ancestors created a very important calculation method - calculation. The calculation chips used for calculations are small sticks made of bamboo, and there are also bones of bone.

If it is placed in the prescribed order of horizontal and vertical length, it can be used to count and calculate. With the popularization of the calculation next to the Yuanwu, the arrangement of the calculation chip has become a symbol of counting. There are horizontal and vertical formulas in the arithmetic method, both of which can represent the same number.

Not from the arithmetic numbers"10"This number is clear that the calculation has been strictly decimal from the beginning. Numbers with more than 9 digits need to be advanced by one place. The same number is hundreds on the hundreds, and tens of thousands on the 10,000 position.

Such calculations were advanced at the time. Because the decimal system was actually used in other parts of the world at the end of the 6th century AD.

But there was no one in the calculation numbers"Zero", encountered"Zero"Just empty seats. For example:"6708", can be expressed as"Orange Sparrow is not in the numbers"Zero"It's easy to make mistakes.

So later someone put the copper coin on the empty seat, so as not to make a mistake, which may be related to"Zero"related to the appearance of. However, most people think"0"The invention of this mathematical symbol is attributed to the Indians in the 6th century AD. They first used a black dot (·) to represent zero, and then gradually became"0"。

Speaking of"0"The appearance of the ancient Chinese language, it should be noted,"Zero"The word appears very early. But it didn't mean at the time"Nothing", but only indicates"Fragments"、"Not much"meaning. Such as:"Fractions"、"Sporadic"、"Zero Ding"。

One hundred and five"Meaning:

In addition to a hundred, there is a fractional five. With the introduction of Allah Digital. "105"Precisely read as"One hundred and five"，"Zero"Words with"0"I just corresponded,"Zero"And there you have it"0"The meaning of orange oak.

1.The knotted rope memorization era is considered to begin, and it has a physical meaning, and two pimples may represent 5 sheep.

2.Then there is an abstract meaning, and there is a correspondence between number and quantity.

3.Then it developed in two directions: literature, art and logic.

**There are numbers in the fields of fine arts and poetry, and it should be pointed out that in these fields the number reflects the relationship between the elements, the law, and people's understanding of the form of beauty. The logical aspect is more important than the meaning of abstract concepts. It can be seen from the generation of unnatural numbers and the process of their generation.

In fact, the role of numbers is a way for people to understand the world and express the world. Many recognized mathematicians are also philosophers, artists, and scientists can illustrate. A person who is known for his extraordinary ability in calculation should not be regarded as a mathematician or a craftsman.

It is necessary to add that the development of the number in the field of art is slow, and every master of art contributes to the development of the number in his field. Conversely, the criterion for judging a master can be whether he has built a model of harmonious numbers.

4.Extrapolating from the previous point, there will be a huge development in numbers.

Natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers (the number field is getting larger and larger), and there are also four-dimensional numbers or something.

Numbers were not invented by the Arabs, but originated in ancient India. The numbers were later mastered by the Arabs for business, improved, and spread to the West.

Westerners, who first came into contact with the Arabs and used these data, mistakenly thought that they had invented them, so they called these numbers Arabic numerals, causing this historical misunderstanding.

Later, with the widespread spread around the world, everyone agreed with the term "Arabic numerals", which made people in many parts of the world mistakenly believe that the Arabs invented the numbers, in fact, the Arabs began to use numbers extensively. After it was spread to Europe, Europeans were very fond of this set of convenient and applicable numeric symbols, and although people later learned the truth of the matter, they never corrected it because they got used to it.

In 1202, Italy published an important mathematical book, the Book of Calculations, which made extensive use of Indian numerals, improved by the Arabs, and which marked the beginning of the use of new numerals in Europe. The book is divided into fifteen chapters. At the beginning of the first chapter it is written:

The nine Indian numerals are ', and any number can be represented by these nine numbers and the '0' notation that the Arabs call 'zero'. ”

With the passage of time, by the 14th century, Chinese printing technology spread to Europe, which accelerated the popularization and application of Indian digital in Europe. Indian figures are gradually being adopted by all Europeans.

Westerners accepted Indian numerals as they were transmitted through Arabs, but they ignored the ancient Indians and considered them only the merits of the Arabs, so they called them Arabic numerals, a misnomer that has survived to this day.

There are several types of numbers, with Arabic numerals being the most prevalent. Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs but by Indians, and should actually be listed as Indian languages, but they were first transmitted to Arabia and then to the world, so they are called "Arabic numerals". A number is a written symbol used to represent numbers.

Different counting systems can use the same number.

Westerners, who first came into contact with the Arabs and used these data, mistakenly thought that they had invented them, so they called these numbers Arabic numerals, causing this historical misunderstanding.

Later, with the widespread spread around the world, everyone agreed with the term "Arabic numerals", which made people in many parts of the world mistakenly believe that the Arabs invented the numbers, in fact, the Arabs began to use numbers extensively. After it was spread to Europe, Europeans were very fond of this set of convenient and applicable numeric symbols, and although people later learned the truth of the matter, they never corrected it because they got used to it.

The Arabic numerals we use today were first invented by Indians. The shape of the numbers at that time was different from the present, and after hundreds of years of evolution, some numbers were similar to the present. At first there were only numbers, and later they started to use "

It means "zero", and later it will be used to "". These figures were transmitted to Arabia about a year ago, and then to Europe.

Europeans called these numbers Arabic numerals, and they evolved so much that they became the ones they use today.

Many years ago, China used arithmetic to keep counts. Calculation chips are generally made of bamboo sticks or wooden sticks.

At first, there was no notation of zero, and then it was represented by an empty one, and later it was represented by " ", which was changed to " " about many years ago.

Oracle Bone Inscription Jin Wen Stone Inscription Seal Script Lishu Cursive Script A Brief History of the Evolution of Regular Script Calligraphy: 1. Shang to the Western Han Dynasty 1. Oracle Bone Inscription is the oldest existing script in China.